A review of the genus Xotidium Löbl, 1992 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae), with descriptions of five new species

Ryo Ogawa; Ivan Löbl

doi:10.3897/dez.63.8386

Abstract

In the present study, we have reviewed all species of the genus Xotidium Löbl, 1992, as well as five new species from Borneo, Malaysia, and Sulawesi, Indonesia, namely, Xotidium flagellum sp. n., X. heissi sp. n., X. meridionale sp. n., X. smetanai sp. n., X. tarantulatum sp. n. A key to all Xotidium species is provided. The female genitalic characters of Xotidium are illustrated and described for the first time.

Key Words

Shining fungus beetle, Baeocera group, female genitalia, Borneo, Sulawesi, key to species

Introduction

The genus Xotidium Löbl, 1992, currently comprises seven species from the subtropical and tropical regions of Mauritius, Sri Lanka, the Himalayas, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Philippines, and Eastern Australia. Members of this genus have narrow body with approximate mesocoxae and metacoxae. They appear to be related to the members of Scaphoxium Löbl, 1979 and Toxidium LeConte, 1860, belonging to the Toxidium group because of the shared approximate mesocoxae and metacoxae. However, this genus was included in the Baeocera group by Leschen and Löbl (2005) based on seven synapomorphies. Xotidium can be readily distinguished from Scaphoxium and Toxidium by the presence of multidentate mandibles, two-segmented labial palpi, pronotum with anterior bead, and the presence of secondary lines of mesoventrite. They may be collected from fungi growing up rotten woods and accumulated litter on the forest floor, based on collection data and personal observation. They are also usually found in the higher altitudes of forested areas. However, their feeding habits and natural history still remain unknown. Xotidium is distributed exclusively in the subtropical and tropical parts of Palaeotropical region, excluding Neotropical region, parts of Indonesia Islands to Australia, and the continental Africa. Some unidentified samples collected from Borneo, Malaysia, which have been preserved at Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Genève, Switzerland, and new samples, which were collected in Sulawesi, Indonesia by the first author, are described below as new species, and new information about their distribution is provided. In addition, female genitalia have been observed to be useful in the scaphidiines for defining a group of species or specific species (Ogawa and Sakai 2011; Ogawa and Löbl 2013). However, such characterization needs further investigation.

In the present study, we have reviewed all the members of Xotidium and describe five new species collected from Borneo, Malaysia, and Sulawesi, Indonesia, and present the first reported observations of the female genitalia in Xotidium. Moreover, we provide a key to all Xotidium species, including these new species.

Material and methods

The examined samples were collected by the first author and procured from the collections deposited at the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (NHM) and the Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Genève, Switzerland (MNHG). We have referred to a study by Ogawa and Löbl (2013) and the references quoted therein for methods and terminology. The photographs of the habitus in dorsal and lateral views were captured using a single-lens reflex camera (Canon® Eos Kiss X7) with a macro photo lens (Canon® MP-E 65mm Macro lens) attached to a stand (LPL® CSC-10), and then the focus-stack images were created using COMBINE ZM. A stereomicroscope and biological microscope with a single-lens reflex camera (described above) were used for illustrations. Measurements of the body length and width and of the antennae were taken using an ocular micrometer under the stereomicroscope, but antennomere I was not measured. Some of the illustrations of the lateral habitus are mirror-reversed because of the symmetrical ventral structure. The label data are given verbatim.

The abbreviations used are as follows: EL, length of elytra from base of pronotum to apex of elytra; EW, maximum width of elytra; HW, maximum width of head including eye; ID, interocular distance; PL, maximum length of pronotum; PW, maximum width of pronotum; EUMJ, Ehime UniversityMuseum, Matsuyama, Japan; NHM, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; MHNG, Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Genève, Switzerland; MZBI, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia.

Taxonomy

Xotidium Löbl, 1992

Xotidium Löbl, 1992: 573; type species: Xotidium uniforme Löbl, 1992.

Diagnosis

Body narrow, usually 1.8 times as long as wide. Maxillary palpomere IV aciculate with some macrosetae (Fig. 2d, h). Labial palpus two segmented, apical segment very slender (Fig. 2c, g). Mentum setose (Fig. 2b). Antenna filiform; antennomere III slender, straight; antennomeres each VII–XI covered with microsetae. Mandible multidentate apically; mola with brush (Fig. 2e, i). Galea broad, without subapical short bristles. Anterior margin of pronotum with a bead. Posterior angle of pronotum not pointed (obtuse), lateral margin not sinuate, sub-basal stria absent. Eyes weakly emarginate. Prothoracic corbiculum present. Secondary lines of mesoventrite present. Anterior portion of proventrite greatly reduced. Elytra usually with entire basal stria joined with lateral and sutural stria, sometimes sutural stria interrupted. Mesepimeron reduced, small or concealed (Fig. 1). Visible abdominal ventrite I without metacoxal bead. Profemoral ctenidium absent. Meso- and metatibiae with single long spur. Meso- and metacoxae adjacent.

Figure 1.

Terminology. Model: Xotidium uniforme Löbl.

Figure 2.

Mouth parts. a, f Labrum; d, h maxillae; e, i mandible; c, g labium; b mentum. a–e Xotidium smetanai sp. n.; f–i X. tarantulatum sp. n. a, f, i, e Dorsal view; b, c, d, g, h ventral view.

Remarks

The shape of the labral apex in this genus is possibly species specific (Fig. 2a, f).

Xotidium bolmarum Löbl, 2015

Figs 3a, 6a, 7g, 9a

Xotidium bolmarum Löbl, 2015: 119.

Type material examined

Paratypes, 1♂4♀, INDONESIA, LOMBOK IS., SENARO, N slope of Rinjani, 2–5. Feb. 1994, Bolm lgt. 1100m. (MHNG).

Supplemental description of female genitalia

Ovipositor simple: gonostylus with a long apical seta, almost as long as wide: distal gonocoxites elongated (Fig. 9a). Spermatheca connected in medial portion of vagina (Fig. 9a).

Figure 3.

Habitus of previously described species. a Xotidium bolmarum Löbl; b X. uniforme Löbl; c, d X. montanum (Löbl). a, d Paratype; c, b, holotype. Scale: 1 mm.

Measurements

(n = 4). Length (PL+EL): 1.40–1.48 mm, PW: 0.77–0.79 mm, EW: 0.83–0.87 mm, HW: 0.31–0.35 mm, ID: 0.10–0.13 mm, PL/PW: 0.71–0.78, EL/EW: 1.00–1.05. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.1 (0.5) : III 1.0 (0.2) : IV 1.1 (0.2) : V 1.3 (0.2) : VI 1.4 (0.2) : VII 1.4 (0.3) : VIII 1.4 (0.2) : IX 1.7 (0.3) : X 1.3 (0.4) : XI 1.7 (0.5).

Distribution

(see Löbl 2015). Indonesia: Lombok.

Xotidium mauritianum (Vinson, 1943)

Figs 4b, 6b, 9g

Toxidium mauritianum Vinson, 1943: 201. Transferred: Leschen and Löbl 2005.

Material examined

2♂1♀, Mauritius, Le Pouce, 18. XI. 1943, J. Vinson. (MHNG).

Supplemental description of female genitalia

Ovipositor simple: gonostylus short, longer than wide, with a long apical seta: distal gonocoxites elongated and slightly robust (Fig. 9g). Spermathecae undetected.

Figure 4.

Habitus of previously described species. a Xotidium pygmaeum (Löbl); b X. mauritianum (Vinson); c, d X. notatum (Löbl). a (left), c Holotype; a (right), paratype. Scale: 1 mm.

Measurements

(n = 3). Length (PL+EL): 1.34–1.51 mm, PW: 0.72–0.79 mm, EW: 0.75–0.85 mm, HW: 0.32–0.34 mm, ID: 0.11–0.13 mm, PL/PW: 0.71–0.74, EL/EW: 1.08–1.11. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.5 (0.5) : III 1.0 (0.3) : IV 1.0 (0.3) : V 1.0 (0.3) : VI 1.1 (0.3) : VII 1.5 (0.4) : VIII 1.1 (0.3) : IX 1.5 (0.5) : X 1.5 (0.6) : XI 1.8 (0.7).

Distribution

(referred to Vinson 1943). Mauritius.

Xotidium montanum (Löbl, 1971)

Figs 3c, d, 6c, 7e, 9b

Toxidium montanum Löbl, 1971: 1000. Transferred: Löbl 1992.

Type material examined

Holotype, 1♂, CEYLAN Central, Nuwera Eliya, 1950m, 29. I. 1970, Mussard Besuchet Löbl, MHNG ENTO 00005403 (MHNG).

Paratypes, 4♂, same data as holotype; 2♂1♀, same data as holotype, but 15. II. 1970. (MHNG).

Additional material examined

1♀, SRI LANKA, 29. iv.–1. v., Idalgashinna, 1400m, 25km SW Badulla, Z. Kejval leg. 1994 (MHNG)

Supplemental description of female genitalia

Ovipositor simple: gonostylus with a long apical seta, distinctly longer than wide; distal gonocoxites elongated (Fig. 9b). Spermatheca connected in medial portion of vagina (Fig. 9b).

Measurements

(n = 6). Length (PL+EL): 1.38–1.48 mm, PW: 0.73–0.83 mm, EW: 0.79–0.87 mm, HW: 0.32–0.36 mm, ID: 0.13–0.14 mm, PL/PW: 0.64–0.75, EL/EW: 1.00–1.10. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.4 (0.5) : III 1.0 (0.3) : IV 1.1 (0.3) : V 1.3 (0.3) : VI 1.3 (0.3) : VII 1.6 (0.5) : VIII 1.3 (0.4) : IX 1.9 (0.6) : X 1.8 (0.6) : XI 1.9 (0.8).

Distribution

(see Löbl 1971). Sri Lanka.

Remarks

This species is variable in the color of elytra as shown in Fig. 3c, d.

Xotidium notatum (Löbl, 1977)

Figs 4c, d, 6d, 7c, 9f

Toxidium notatum Löbl, 1977: 65. Transferred: Löbl 1992.

Type material examined

Holotype, 1♂, Acacia Plat. N. S. W., J. Armstrong, W. Steel coll., B. M. 1969-552 (NHM).

Paratype, 1♂, N. S. Wales, Acacia Plat, J. Armstrong (MHNG).

Additional material examined

3♂, Queensland, Umg, Bisbane, Wachtel. V. 1981; 1♂1♀, Monsildale Via Kilcay, S. E. Qld., 22. IV. 1963, Monteith; 1♀, N. S. W. Sydeny, Oxford falls, litter + bails, Au: 33, 29. X. 1982, Endrödy-Younga (MHNG).

Supplemental description of female genitalia

Ovipositor simple: gonostylus with a long apical seta, almost as long as wide: distal gonocoxites elongated (Fig. 9f). Spermatheca connected in medial portion of vagina.

Measurements

(n = 5). Length (PL+EL): 1.19–1.38 mm, PW: 0.62–0.68 mm, EW: 0.66–0.74 mm, HW: 0.32–0.36 mm, ID: 0.09–0.13 mm, PL/PW: 0.67–0.74, EL/EW: 1.08–1.24. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.2 (0.5) : III 1.0 (0.3) : IV 1.0 (0.3) : V 1.2 (0.3) : VI 1.3 (0.3) : VII 1.5 (0.4) : VIII 1.4 (0.3) : IX 1.6 (0.5) : X 1.5 (0.5) : XI 2.0 (0.6).

Distribution

(see Löbl 1977). Australia: New South Wales and Queensland.

Remarks

The male genitalia have a long sclerite (Fig. 7c), given as short in Löbl (1977). Moreover, the body color is variable (Fig. 4c, d).

Xotidium pygmaeum (Löbl, 1971)

Figs 4a, 6e, 7a, 9d

Toxidium pygmaeum Löbl, 1971: 998. Transferred: Löbl 1992.

Type material examined

Holotype, 1♂, CEYLAN Central, Kandy, 700 m, 16. II. 1970, Mussard Besuchet Löbl, MHNG ENTO 00005402 (MHNG).

Paratypes, 9♂2♀, same data as holotype, but 14. II. 1970 (MHNG); 1♂, same data as holotype (MHNG).

Supplemental description of female genitalia

Ovipositor simple: gonostylus with a long apical seta, distinctly longer than wide; distal gonocoxites elongated (Fig. 9d). Spermathecae undetected.

Measurements

(n = 5). Length (PL+EL): 1.11–1.19 mm, PW: 0.66–0.68 mm, EW: 0.68–0.74 mm, HW: 0.26–0.30 mm, ID: 0.09–0.11 mm, PL/PW: 0.66–0.69, EL/EW: 0.97–1.03. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.3 (0.7) : III 1.0 (0.4) : IV 1.1 (0.3) : V 1.2 (0.4) : VI 1.3 (0.4) : VII 1.5 (0.5) : VIII 1.3 (0.4) : IX 1.7 (0.6) : X 1.3 (0.6) : XI 1.7 (0.7).

Distribution

(see Löbl 1971). Sri Lanka.

Xotidium tubuliferum Löbl, 2011

Fig. 7f

Xotidium tubuliferum Löbl, 2011: 720.

Material examined

1♂, Tarragona, Leyte I. Philippine islds VIII: II: 1945 / Col. & pres. by C. L. Remington /in rotting burned log. [pronotum and head missing] (MHNG).

Distribution

(referred to Löbl 2011). Philippines: Leyte.

Xotidium uniforme Löbl, 1992

Figs 1, 3b, 6f, 7d, 9c

Xotidium uniforme Löbl, 1992: 575.

Type material examined

Holotype, 1♂, E. NEPAL: KOSI, Val. Induwa Kola, 2100 m, 17. IV. 1984, Löbl – Smetana (MHNG).

Paratypes, 1♀, INDE Kumaon (UP), Rangarh nr. 6b, ewu. 2000m, I. Löbl, 9. X. 1979; 2♂, INDE: HTM. PM. PR., 10km, NW Sarahan, 1700m, 7. X. 1988, S. Vit; 3♂1♀, 414, Sankhua Sabha Distr., Arun Valley, Chichila, 1900-2000m, Quercus forest, bushes near village, 18-20. VI. 1988, J. Martens & W. Schawaller (MHNG).

Supplemental description of female genitalia

Ovipositor simple: gonostylus with a very long apical seta, slightly longer than wide: distal gonocoxites elongated (Fig. 9c). Spermatheca connected in medial portion of vagina (Fig. 9c).

Measurements

(n = 5). Length (PL+EL): 1.58–1.63 mm, PW: 0.85–0.88mm, EW: 0.92–0.96 mm, HW: 0.36–0.38 mm, ID: 0.10–0.14 mm, PL/PW: 0.71–0.75, EL/EW: 1.02–1.08. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.4 (0.6) : III 1.0 (0.2) : IV 1.2 (0.3) : V 1.3 (0.2) : VI 1.3 (0.3) : VII 1.6 (0.4) : VIII 1.4 (0.3) : IX 1.8 (0.4) : X 1.5 (0.5) : XI 1.6 (0.5).

Distribution

(see Löbl 1992). India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (Kumaon); Nepal.

New taxa

Xotidium flagellum Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/0E041090-CDCA-4A1A-A71C-57997CBD7B7A

Figs 5b, 6h, 8d

Type material

Holotype, 1♂, Borneo Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu N. P. summit tr. Pondok Lowii, 2300–2400 m, 28. IV. 1987, A. Smetana, MHNG ENTO 00008953 (MHNG).

Etymology

The species epithet refers to the presence of a flagellum in the internal sac.

Description

(male). Dorsal and ventral surface almost reddish-brown (Fig. 5b). Antennae almost yellowish-brown, antennomeres VI–XI blackish. Legs reddish-brown to brown; tarsi paler than tibiae and femora. Head, pronotum, and elytra sparsely and finely pubescent.

Figure 5.

Habitus of new species. a Xotidium heissi sp. n.; b X. flagellum sp. n.; c X. smetanai sp. n.; d X. meridionale sp. n.; e, f X. tarantulatum sp. n. Scale: 1 mm.

Head with eye width almost the same as interocular distance. Punctuation sparse and fine.

Pronotum wider than long. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum with exposed apex.

Elytra as long as wide, widest at basal fourth, lateral margins sharply narrowed apically, minutely serrate at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation fine and sparse as on pronotum. Sutural striae extending outwards along basal margin to form basal striae, reaching humeral area and joined with lateral striae.

Hypomeron and lateral portion of mesoventrite smooth. Lateral portion of metaventrite finely and sparsely punctate. Metanepisternum about four times as long as wide, without longitudinal line. Mesepimeron almost as long as wide. Metacoxa about six times as wide as metacoxal process. Ventrite I sparsely and finely punctate.

Protarsomere V about three times as long as each I–IV. Mesotarsomere I about three times as long as each II–IV; V about 2.5 times as long as each II–IV. Metatarsomere I about twice as long as each II and III; each II and III about 1.5 times as long as IV; V about twice as long as IV.

Protarsomeres I–III possibly with tenent setae, but invisible at ×80 magnification, not enlarged. Aedeagus about 0.52 mm long; parameres symmetrical, with moderately widened apical section much longer than third of total parameral length; internal sac with a sinuate and curved flagellum, widened basally and apically (Fig. 8d).

Figure 6.

Antennae. a Xotidium bolmarum Löbl; b X. mauritianum (Vinson); c X. montanum (Löbl); d X. notatum (Löbl); e X. pygmaeum (Löbl); f X. uniforme Löbl; g X. tarantulatum sp. n.; h X. flagellum sp. n.; i X. heissi sp. n.; j X. meridionale sp. n.; k X. smetanai sp. n.

Figure 7.

Male genitalia of previously described species from dorsal and lateral views. a Xotidium montanum (Löbl); b X. mauritianum (Vinson); c X. notatum (Löbl); d X. uniforme Löbl; e X. pygmaeum (Löbl); f X. tubuliferum Löbl; g X. bolmarum Löbl.

Figure 8.

Male genitalia of new species from dorsal and lateral views. a Xotidium heissi sp. n.; b X. smetanai sp. n.; c X. tarantulatum sp. n.; d X. flagellum sp. n.; e, f X. meridionale sp. n.

Figure 9.

Female genitalia. a Xotidium bolmarum Löbl; b X. montanum (Löbl); c X. uniforme Löbl; d X. pygmaeum (Löbl); e X. tarantulatum sp. n.; f X. notatum (Löbl); g X. mauritianum (Vinson). GS Gonostylus; DG Distal gonocoxite; PG Proximal gonocoxite; SP Spermatheca.

Female. Unknown.

Measurements

(n = 1). Length (PL+EL): 1.23 mm, PW: 0.65 mm, EW: 0.69 mm, HW: 0.30 mm, ID: 0.13 mm, PL/PW: 0.62, EL/EW: 1.19. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.4 (0.7) : III 1.0 (0.3) : IV 1.1 (0.2) : V 1.3 (0.3) : VI 1.5 (0.3) : VII 1.7 (0.4) : VIII 1.6 (0.3) : IX 1.9 (0.5) : X 1.7 (0.5) : XI 1.9 (0.6).

Distribution

East Malaysia: Sabah.

Remarks

This species is very similar to X. pygmaeum (Löbl) in the smaller body, but may be easily distinguished by the very long flagellar sclerite of male genitalia.

Xotidium heissi Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/E978428E-9E12-4BF2-A819-AB3BBCE140A0

Figs 5a, 6i, 8a

Type material

Holotype, 1♂, Brunei/Temburong, Kuala Belalong FSC, 60–300 m, 16–20. IV. 1993, mixed Dipterc. for., E. Heiss, MHNG ENTO 00008955 (MHNG).

Paratype, 1♂, SABAH: Porig Hot, Springs, 500 m, 6. V. 1987, Burckhardt – Löbl, MHNG ENTO 00008956 (MHNG).

Etymology

This species epithet is named in honour of the collector of the holotype, E. Heiss from Innsbruck, Austria.

Description

(male). Dorsal and ventral surface almost reddish-brown (Fig. 5a). Antennae almost yellowish-brown, but antennomeres VI–XI blackish. Legs reddish-brown to brown; tarsi paler than tibiae and femora. Head, pronotum, and elytra sparsely and finely pubescent.

Head with eye width almost the same as interocular distance. Punctuation sparse and fine.

Pronotum wider than long. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum almost as long as wide, with exposed apex.

Elytra almost as long as wide, widest at basal fourth, lateral margins sharply narrowed apically, minutely serrate at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation fine and sparse as on pronotum. Sutural striae extending outwards along basal margin to form basal striae, reaching humeral area and joined with lateral striae.

Hypomeron and lateral portion of mesoventrite smooth. Lateral portion of metaventrite finely and sparsely punctate. Metanepisternum about four times as long as wide, without longitudinal line. Metepimeron almost as long as wide. Metacoxa about six times as wide as metacoxal process. Ventrite I sparsely and finely punctate.

Protarsomere V about 2.5 times as long as each I–IV. Mesotarsomere I about 2.5 times as long as each II–IV; V about twice as long as IV. Metatarsomere I about three times as long as each II–IV; V about 1.5 times as long as each II–IV.

Protarsomeres I–III possibly with tenent setae, but invisible at ×80 magnification, not enlarged. Aedeagus 0.54 mm long; parameres symmetrical, with strongly widened apical section longer than third of total parameral length; internal sac with a sinuate flagellar sclerite, basally widened and bent (Fig. 8a).

Female. Unknown.

Measurements

(n = 2). Length (PL+EL): 1.33–1.38 mm, PW: 0.73 mm, EW: 0.75–0.78 mm, HW: 0.33–0.35 mm, ID: 0.13 mm, PL/PW: 0.69–0.72, EL/EW: 1.10. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.2 (0.4) : III 1.0 (0.3) : IV 1.4 (0.3) : V 1.6 (0.3) : VI 1.8 (0.2) : VII 2.0 (0.3) : VIII 1.8 (0.3) : IX 2.1 (0.5) : X 1.9 (0.5) : XI 2.3 (0.5).

Distribution

Brunei; East Malaysia: Sabah.

Remarks

This species is very similar to X. bolmarum Löbl in the reddish body and the body size, but may be easily distinguished by the strongly widened apical portion of parameres and the sinuate sclerite of male genitalia.

Xotidium meridionale Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/BDF620F4-6A62-475D-A6BD-EBDF46959D59

Figs 5d, 6j, 8e, f

Type material

Holotype, 1♂, Mt. Lompobatang, Malino, S. Sulawesi, alt. ca. 1700m, 5°23’44.20”N, 119°55’22.27”E, 20. I. 2011, R. Ogawa leg. (MZBI).

Etymology

The species epithet is from the Latin meridionale meaning southern, referring to Lompobatang located at the southernmost Sulawesi.

Description

(male). Dorsal and ventral surface almost dark reddish-brown to brown (Fig. 5d). Antennae almost yellowish-brown, but antennomeres III–XI blackish. Femora from apical sixth to base darker than tibiae; tibiae reddish-brown to brown; tarsi paler than tibiae. Head, pronotum, and elytra sparsely and finely pubescent.

Head with eye width almost the same as interocular distance. Punctuation sparse and fine.

Pronotum wider than long. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum with slightly exposed apex.

Elytra longer than wide, widest at basal sixth, lateral margins sharply narrowed apically, minutely serrate at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation fine and sparse as on pronotum. Sutural striae interrupted at basal third.

Hypomeron and lateral portion of mesoventrite smooth. Lateral portion of metaventrite finely and sparsely punctate. Metanepisternum about four times as long as wide, without longitudinal line. Mesepimeron concealed. Metacoxa about six times as wide as metacoxal process. Ventrite I sparsely and finely punctate.

Protarsomere V about three times as long as each I–IV. Mesotarsomere I about twice as long as each II and III; V about twice as long as IV. Metatarsomere I about 2.5 times as long as each II and III; V about three times as long as IV.

Protarsomeres I–III possibly with tenent setae, but invisible at ×80 magnification, not enlarged. Aedeagus 0.54 mm long; parameres symmetrical, with moderately widened apical section shorter than third of total parameral length; internal sac with a sinuate and very long flagellum (longer than aedeagus), basally widened and bent (Fig. 8f).

Female. Unknown.

Measurements

(n = 1). Length (PL+EL): 1.43 mm, PW: 0.81 mm, EW: 0.87 mm, HW: 0.34 mm, ID: 0.11mm, PL/PW: 0.72, EL/EW: 0.98. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.5 (0.6) : III 1.0 (0.3) : IV 1.2 (0.3) : V 1.3 (0.3) : VI 1.5 (0.3) : VII 1.8 (0.4) : VIII 1.7 (0.3) : IX 2.0 (0.5) : X 1.9 (0.5) : XI 2.1 (0.7).

Distribution

Indonesia: southern Sulawesi.

Remarks

This species is similar to X. smetanai sp. n. in lacking sutural striae and X. tubuliferum Löbl in the long sclerite as flagellum of male genitalia, but it is easily distinguished from them by the body color and the widened apical section of parameres.

Xotidium smetanai Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/2D544E21-7439-4786-BDF9-ABEF1DE6915D

Figs 2a–e, 5c, 6k, 8b

Type material

Holotype, 1♂, Borneo Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu Nat. Pk. HQ Silau-Silau, Tr. 1550 m, 2. IV. 1988, [B171], A. Smetana, MHNG ENTO 00008954 (MHNG).

Etymology

This species epithet is in honour of the collector of its holotype, A. Smetana, Ottawa Canada.

Description

Dorsal and ventral surface almost brown (Fig. 5c). Antennae almost yellowish-brown, antennomeres V–XI blackish. Propygidium and pygidium paler than other ventrite. Legs brown to yellowish-brown; tarsi paler than tibiae and femora. Head, pronotum, and elytra sparsely and finely pubescent.

Head with eye width almost the same as interocular distance. Punctuation sparse and fine.

Pronotum wider than long. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum with slightly exposed apex.

Elytra longer than wide, widest at basal sixth, lateral margins sharply narrowed apically, minutely serrate at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation fine and sparse as on pronotum. Sutural striae interrupted at basal third.

Hypomeron and lateral portion of mesoventrite smooth. Lateral portion of metaventrite finely and sparsely punctate. Metanepisternum about four times as long as wide, without longitudinal line. Mesepimeron almost as long as wide. Metacoxa about six times as wide as metacoxal process. Ventrite I sparsely and finely punctate.

Protarsomere V 2.5 times as long as each I–IV. Mesotarsomere I about twice as long as II; II 1.2 times as long as each III and IV; V 1.5 times as long as each III and IV. Metatarsomere I about three times as long as each II and III; each II and III 1.1 times as long as IV; V about twice as long as IV.

Protarsomeres I–III possibly with tenent setae, but invisible at ×80 magnification, not enlarged. Aedeagus about 0.5 mm long; parameres symmetrical, with moderately widened apical section slightly longer than third of total parameral length; internal sac with straight, evenly wide flagellar sclerite (Fig. 8b).

Female. Unknown.

Measurements

(n = 1). Length (PL+EL): 1.53 mm, PW: 0.85 mm, EW: 0.88 mm, HW: 0.35 mm, ID: 0.15 mm, PL/PW: 0.62, EL/EW: 1.14. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1); II 1.5 (0.5) : III 1.0 (0.2) : IV 1.1 (0.3) : V 1.3 (0.2) : VI 1.3 (0.2) : VII 1.7 (0.3) : VIII 1.5 (0.3) : IX 1.8 (0.3): X 1.7 (0.4) [XI deformed].

Distribution

East Malaysia: Sabah.

Remarks

This species is similar to X. mauritianum (Vinson) and X. meridionale sp. n. in the reduced sutural striae, but may be easily distinguished from them by the simple sclerite of the male genitalia.

Xotidium tarantulatum Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5704E1D0-9D28-47ED-957B-6D5EB820D440

Figs 2 f–i, 5e, f, 6g, 8d, 9e

Type material

Holotype, 1♂, Mt Tilongkabila (Gunung Tilongkabila), N. Sulawesi, alt. ca. 1300m, 0°35’18.14”N, 123°13’22.71”E, 10. VI. 2012, R. Ogawa leg. (MZBI).

Paratypes, 1♂1♀, same data as holotype (EUMJ); 2♂, Mt Tilongkabila (Gunung Tilongkabila), N. Sulawesi, alt. ca. 1300–1500m, 0°35’18.14”N, 123°13’22.71”E – 0°35’18.37”N, 123°13’22.61”E, 10. VI. 2012, R. Ogawa leg. (EUMJ); 1♂, same data as holotype, but 800–1300m, 0°34’28.52”N, 123°11’30.61”E – 0°35’18.14”N, 123°13’22.71E, 9. VI. 2012 (EUMJ); 1♂, same data above, but preserved at MHNG; 1♂1♀, Mt. Pontolo, N. Sulawesi, alt. ca. 1400–1800m, 0°54’59.77”N, 122°04’13.10E – 0°54’25.07”N, 122°04’20.73”E, 25. VII. 2012, R. Ogawa leg. (EUMJ); 1♂, under bark of rotten log, Plot C, ca 400m, Lowland forest, INDONESIA SULAWESI UTARA, Dumoga-Bone N.P., February, 1985, R. Ent. Soc. Lond., PROJECT WALLACE, B.M. 1985-10 (NHM).

Etymology

The species epithet is derived from Mapala Tarantula, the climbing club of Gorontalo State University.

Description

Dorsal and ventral surface almost black to dark reddish-brown (Fig. 5e, f), except for abdomen dark reddish-brown. Antennae almost yellowish-brown, antennomeres VI–XI blackish. Propygidium and pygidium paler than other ventrite I–III. Legs reddish-brown; tarsi paler than tibiae and femora. Head, pronotum, and elytra sparsely and finely pubescent.

Head with eye width almost the same as interocular distance. Punctuation sparse and fine.

Pronotum slightly wider than long, with an anterior bead. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum almost as long as wide, with exposed apex.

Elytra almost as long as wide, widest at basal sixth, lateral margins sharply narrowed apically, minutely serrate at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation fine and sparse as on pronotum. Sutural striae extending outwards along basal margin to form basal striae, reaching humeral area and joined with lateral striae.

Hypomeron and lateral portion of mesoventrite smooth. Lateral portion of metaventrite finely and sparsely punctate. Metanepisternum about four times as long as wide, without longitudinal line. Mesepimeron almost as long as wide. Metacoxa about six times as wide as metacoxal process. Ventrite I sparsely and finely punctate, with microsculpture.

Protarsomere I twice as long as each II–IV; V 2.5 times as long as each II–IV. Mesotarsomere I 2.5 times as long as II; II 1.2 times as long as each III and IV; V 2.5 times as long as each III and IV. Metatarsomere I about three times as long as each II and III; each II and III 1.1 times as long as IV; V about twice as long as IV.

Male. Protarsomeres I–III possibly with tenent setae, but invisible at ×80 magnification, not enlarged. Aedeagus about 0.44 mm long; parameres symmetrical, with weakly widened apical section as long as fourth of total parameral length; internal sac with a sclerite as flagellum, straight, evenly wide, sometimes bent at base.

Female. Protarsomeres I–III not enlarged. Ovipositor simple: gonostylus with a long apical seta, distinctly longer than wide; distal gonocoxites apparently elongated (Fig. 9e). Spermathecae undetected.

Measurements

(n = 9). Length (PL+EL): 1.32–1.43 mm, PW: 0.75–0.79 mm, EW: 0.79–0.89 mm, HW: 0.32–0.36 mm, ID: 0.09–0.13 mm, PL/PW: 0.69–0.76, EL/EW: 0.89–1.02. Approximate ratio of each antennal segment in length (width) (n = 1): II 1.3 (0.7) : III 1.0 (0.3) : IV 1.1 (0.2) : V 1.4 (0.3) : VI 1.6 (0.3) : VII 1.7 (0.4) : VIII 1.6 (0.2) : IX 1.9 (0.4) : X 1.7 (0.4) : XI 2.2 (0.5).

Distribution

Indonesia: northern Sulawesi.

Remarks

This species is similar to X. bolmarum Löbl from Lombok in its color and body size, but may be easily distinguished by the straight and more elongate sclerite in the internal sac.

Key to the species of Xotidium (modified from Löbl 2015)

1	Elytra without basal striae, sutural striae shortened	2
–	Elytra with basal striae, joined to sutural striae	4
2	Body blackish. Scutellum concealed. Antennomere VIII almost as long as III. Parameres evenly widened. Internal sac without sclerites, slightly sclerotized	X. mauritianum (Vinson)
–	Body brownish. Scutellum slightly exposed. Antennomere VIII more than 1.5 times as long as III. Parameres notably widened at apical portion. Internal sac with a sclerite	3
3	Widened apical section of parameres much shorter than a third of total parameral length. Internal sac of aedeagus with a very long flagellum	X. meridionale sp. n.
–	Widened apical section of parameres much longer than a third of total parameral length. Internal sac of aedeagus with a straight sclerite	X. smetanai sp. n.
4	Elytra with distinctive bicolour pattern	5
–	Elytra uniformly reddish-brown to black	6
5	Elytra dark, each with light transverse fascia situated in basal half of elytron and light apical part. Pronotum entirely dark	X. montanum (Löbl)
–	Elytra light, each darkened along basal and apical margins, usually also darkened along sutural margin. Pronotum light, usually with dark transverse fascia	X. notatum (Löbl)
6	Body length (PL+EL) 1.10–1.25 mm	7
–	Body length (PL+EL) 1.35–1.65 mm	8
7	Antennomere X distinctly more than 1.5 times as long as III. Mesotarsomeres II and III each about three times as long as I. Metatarsomeres II and III each about twice as long as I. Internal sac of aedeagus with evenly thick and sinuate sclerite	X. pygmaeum (Löbl)
–	Antennomere X about 1.5 times as long as III. Mesotarsomeres II and III each about twice as long as I. Metatarsomeres II and III each three times as long as I. Internal sac of aedeagus with flagellum curved, sinuate, basally and apically thickened	X. flagellum sp. n.
8	Widened apical section of parameres about as long as half of total parameral length. Internal sac of aedeagus with very long, weekly sclerotized and simple tube	X. tubuliferum Löbl
–	Widened apical section of parameres shorter than half of total parameral length	9
9	Widened apical section of parameres much longer than third of total parameral length	10
–	Widened apical section of parameres much shorter than third of total parameral length	11
10	Body length (PL+EL) 1.58–1.63 mm. Antennomere XI less than twice as long as III. Internal sac of aedeagus with an U-shaped flagellum, basally thickened	X. uniforme Löbl
–	Body length (PL+EL) 1.33–1.38 mm. Antennomere XI more than twice as long as III. Internal sac of aedeagus with a sinuate flagellar sclerite, basally thickened and bent	X. heissi sp. n.
11	Antennomere XI more than twice as long as III. Internal sac of aedeagus with straight, evenly thickened flagellum	X. tarantulatum sp. n.
–	Antennomere XI less than twice as long as III. Internal sac of aedeagus with short basal sclerites followed by long membranous tube	X. bolmarum Löbl

Acknowledgements

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Roger Booth (NHM, London) for the loan of specimens collected by the Project Wallace Expedition and to Giulio Cuccodoro (MHNG, Geneva) for support of the first author during his stay at the MHNG. This research was supported by a research visa from the Ministry of State for Research and Technology, Indonesia (No.111/SIP/FRP/SM/IV/2012 and No.322/SIP/FRP/SM/VIII/2013), the Heiwa-Nakajima Foundation, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 14J07309 to RO), and the Young Researchers Exchange Programme between Japan and Switzerland carried out by JSPS and ETH Zürich.

References

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