Preferred tree of 20 most parsimonious trees produced by exhaustive search under equal weights with unambiguous character optimization (209 steps, CI = 0.34, RI = 0.6). Black circles indicate unique synapomorphies, white circles homoplastic ones. BER – Berothinae, CYR – Cyrenoberothinae, NOS – Nosybinae, NYR – Nyrminae, PRO – Protobiellinae, TRI – Trichomatinae.