Corresponding author: Kyohei Watanabe (
Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
Japanese species of the genus
In this study, the dried specimens deposited in the following collections were examined:
A stereomicroscope (SMZ800: Nikon, Tokyo) was used for observation. Photographs (Figs
Morphological terminology follows
There was some variation in the black maculation on the body amongst specimens identified as
Information on the individual ID, accession numbers, collecting date, site and depository of each DNA-sequenced specimen of Japanese
Voucher ID | Species | Accession number | Sex | Date | Information on collecting sites, person and depository | |
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Pol083 |
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♀ | 30.XII.2011 | Koyodai, Matsuyama, Ehime, R.M. ( |
Pol145 |
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♀ | 8.V.2013 | Yona, Okinawajima, Okinawa, R.M. ( |
Pol192 |
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♂ | 1.VIII.2013 | Bekanbeushi, Akkeshi, Hokkaido, R.M. ( |
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Pol311 |
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♀ | 31.XII.2014 | Koyodai, Matsuyama, Ehime, R.M. ( |
Pol372 |
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♀ | 15.V.2015 | Yatacho, Yamatokouriyama, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol378 |
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♀ | 1.VI.2015 | Byakugouji, Nara, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol379 |
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♀ | 1.VI.2015 | Byakugouji, Nara, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol386 |
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♂ | 21.VI.2015 | Urabudake, Yonagunjimai, Okinawa, R.M. ( |
Pol388 |
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♂ | 24.VI.2015 | Shirahama, Iriomotejima, Okinawa, R.M. ( |
Pol401 |
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♀ | 25.XII.2015 | Kasugajinja, Sanda, Hyogo, R.M. ( |
Pol557 |
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♀ | 12.I.2017 | Amakashinooka, Asuka, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol657 |
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♂ | 7.IX.2017 | Heijo Palace site, Nara, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol664 |
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♀ | 4.XII.2017 | Arimafuji, Sanda, Hyogo, R.M. ( |
Pol665 |
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♀ | 4.XII.2017 | Arimafuji, Sanda, Hyogo, R.M. ( |
Pol711 |
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♀ | 19.I.2019 | Yatacho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol712 |
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– | ♀ | 19.I.2019 | Yatacho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol713 |
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♀ | 13.I.2019 | Taishoike, Ide, Kyoto, R.M. ( |
Pol718 |
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♀ | 21.I.2019 | Arimafuji, Sanda, Hyogo, R.M. ( |
Pol719 |
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♀ | 21.I.2019 | Arimafuji, Sanda, Hyogo, R.M. ( |
Pol720 |
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♀ | 21.I.2019 | Arimafuji, Sanda, Hyogo, R.M. ( |
Pol721 |
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♀ | 28.I.2019 | Hirae, Ishigakijima, Okinawa, R.M. ( |
Pol724 |
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♂ | 29.I.2019 | Hirae, Ishigakijima, Okinawa, R.M. ( |
Pol726 |
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♀ | 30.I.2019 | Hirae, Ishigakijima, Okinawa, R.M. ( |
Pol732 |
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♂ | 27.IV.2019 | Arakawa, Ishigakijima, Okinawa, R.M. ( |
Pol738 |
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♂ | 12.V.2019 | Aonogahara, Ono, Hyogo, R.M. ( |
Pol826 |
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♀ | 14.I.2020 | Amakashinooka, Asuka, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol827 |
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♀ | 5.II.2020 | Hattori-ryokuchi, Osaka,Osaka, R.M. ( |
Pol851 |
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♀ | 20.V.2020 | Kasugayama, Nara, Nara, R.M. ( |
Pol923 |
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♂ | 3.XI.2020 | Heijo Palace site, Nara, R.M. ( |
Polymerase chain reactions (
The forward and reverse sequences were checked, assembled and edited using Seaview (
In total, 15 species of
List of Japanese
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This genus can be distinguished from other pimpline genera by the following character states: clypeus divided into dorsal and ventral parts by a transverse suture (Fig.
Dorsal habitus of Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
1 | Mesosoma and metasoma entirely yellow (Fig. |
2 |
– | Mesosoma and metasoma with some black markings (e.g. Fig. |
3 |
2 | Area between oceller area and eye without black markings (Fig. |
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– | Area between oceller area and eye with large black markings (Fig. |
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3 | Areolet absent (vein 3rs-m completely absent) (Fig. |
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– | Areolet present (vein 3rs-m at least partly present) (Fig. |
4 |
4 | Scutellum subconically elevated in lateral view (Fig. |
5 |
– | Scutellum not subconically elevated in lateral view (Fig. |
7 |
5 | Punctuation on T III to T V relatively dense, i.e. T IV having the punctures on its sublateral black spots separated by 0.3–1.3 × their diameter and T III having numerous punctures between its black spots (Fig. |
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– | Punctuation on T III to T V sparser i.e. T IV having the punctures on its sublateral black spots separated by 1.3–6.0 × their diameter and T III having few or no punctures between its black spots (Fig. |
6 |
6 | Black spots on T IV each with about 20 punctures (Fig. |
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– | Black spots on T IV each with about 10 punctures. Hind tibia with 1 to 4 pre-apical bristles, scattered from apex towards middle of tibia | |
7 | Hind tibia entirely yellow, without a basal black area (Fig. |
8 |
– | Hind tibia with a narrow, but conspicuous basal black area (Fig. |
9 |
8 | Area between oceller area and eye black (Fig. |
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– | Area between oceller area and eye yellow (Fig. |
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9 | Propodeum without carinae and black spots (Fig. |
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– | Propodeum at least partly with carinae and sometimes with black spots (Fig. |
10 |
10 | Propodeum with lateral section of anterior transverse carina joined to area superomedia at or near posterior angle of the area (Fig. |
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– | Propodeum with lateral section of anterior transverse carinae joined to area superomedia anterior to posterior angle of the area (Fig. |
11 |
11 | Notauli long, extending posteriorly beyond centre of mesoscutum, their posterior ends joined with each other (Fig. |
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– | Notauli short, not extending posteriorly beyond centre of mesoscutum, their posterior ends not joined with each other (Fig. |
12 |
12 | Posterior transverse carina of propodeum incomplete medially (Fig. |
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– | Posterior transverse carina of propodeum complete (weak in |
13 |
13 | Longest bristle on hind tarsal claw distinctly widened next to apex, with a mucronate apex (Fig. |
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– | Longest bristle on hind tarsal claw slender, not widened next to apex (Fig. |
14 |
14 | Mesoscutum smooth in front of scuto-scutellor groove (Fig. |
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– | Mesoscutum with fine punctures in front of scuto-scutellor groove. Propodeum with a pair of black markings (Fig. |
15 |
15 | Black spots of propodeum triangular (Fig. |
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– | Black spots of propodeum semicircular (Fig. |
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This species belongs to the
Japan (Okinawa Is.?). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines (
Unknown in Japan.
Although
This species belongs to the
Propodeum of Japanese
Japanese
Japan (Honshu, Izuoshima Is., Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima Is., Yakushima Is., Amamioshima Is., Kakeroma Is., Tokunoshima Is., Okinawa Is., Miyako Is., Ishigaki Is., Taketomi Is., Iriomote Is. and Yonaguni Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from China, Malaysia and Taiwan (
In Japan, adults were collected in all months, except for November. In Honshu, winter is passed in the stage of adult (Fig.
This is the first record of this species from Nakanoshima Is., Kakeroma Is., Tokunoshima Is., Taketomi Is. and Yonaguni Is. Both
This species belongs to the
Japan (Ishigaki Is., Iriomote Is. and Yonaguni Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Truk Islands, Vanuatu and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected in January, March, May and from October to December.
In Japan, distribution of this species is restricted in Yaeyama Islands of Ryukyus.
This species belongs to the
This is the first record of this species from Japan. This species is divided into three subspecies,
This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the propodeum and T I with black markings and the hind slope of vertex entirely yellow.
Japan (Amamioshima Is., Okinawa Is. and Iriomote Is.). Outside Japan, this subspecies has been recorded from China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected in April, May, June, October and November. In Iriomote Is., the first author collected this species in the forest path with sunlight. We record a host,
This is the first record of this subspecies from Japan. No characteristics unique to the Japanese population were detected.
This species belongs to the
Japanese
Japan (Okinawa Is., Ishigaki Is. & Iriomote Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected in March, May, June, July and October. In Iriomote Is., the first author collected this species in the forest edge.
At least part of the records of “
This species belongs to the
Japan (Yakushima Is., Amamioshima Is. and Okinawa Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from China, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected from June to November. Host is unknown.
This is the first record of this species from Japan. Although this species is divided into five subspecies,
This species belongs to the
This species is divided into two subspecies,
This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the central part of hind slope of vertex black, the mesoscutum and metasomal tergites usually with black or dark brown markings.
[Ryukyu Isls.] Japan: 1 F, Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Omoto-Path, 6 Jul 1998 T. Matsumura leg. (
Japan (Ishigaki Is. and Iriomote Is.). Outside Japan, this subspecies has been recorded from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected in March and July. Host is unknown in Japan, whereas
In Japan, distribution of this species is restricted to Yaeyama Islands of Ryukyus. A black spot of mesoscutum is sometimes absent in Japanese specimens.
This species belongs to the
Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima Is., Amamioshima Is., Tokunoshima Is., Okinawa Is., Ishigaki Is. and Iriomote Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected from April to November. In Tokunoshima Is., the first author collected this species along the edge of forest.
This is the first record of this species from Ishigaki Is. and Iriomote Is.
This species belongs to the
Head 0.53 × length of width in dorsal view. Clypeus almost flat in lateral view, sparsely punctate, except for ventral margin, 0.63–0.67 (
Mesosoma. Epomia short. Front end of notaulus with a sharp-edged transverse crest. Notauli not reaching past centre of mesoscutum, their posterior ends not joined with each other. Mesoscutum sparsely and finely punctate anteriorly, smooth posteriorly (Fig.
Metasoma. T I 1.0–1.1 (
Colouration (Figs
Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu).
In Japan, adults were collected in February, May to October and December. In Honshu, winter is passed in the stage of adult (Fig.
The specific name is from Nippon (= Japan).
This species belongs to the
Japan (Kyushu, Nakanoshima Is., Amamioshima Is., Tokunoshima Is., Okinawa Is., Miyako Is. and Ishigaki Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from Bangladesh, China, France, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected from April to August and October.
This is the first record of this species from Kyushu, Kuchinoerabujima Is, Takarajima Is., Tokunoshima Is. and Miyako Is. We examined the voucher specimens of “
This species belongs to the
Japan (Shikoku, Nakanoshima Is., Amamioshima Is., Tokunoshima Is., Okinoerabu Is., Yoron Is., Okinawa Is., Miyako Is., Ishigaki Is., Iriomote Is. and Yonaguni Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Guam, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Mariana Is., Mauritius, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected from March to October. In Iriomote Is., the first author collected this species in the open forests around crop fields of sugar cane, the forest edge and the forest path in sunlight.
This is the first record of this species from Nakanoshima Is., Yoron Is. and Yonaguni Is.
This species belongs to the
Japan (Ishigaki Is., Iriomote Is. and Hateruma Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius, Pakistan, Philippines, Reunion, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected in March, May to November. In Iriomote Is., the first author collected this species in the open forests around crop fields of sugar cane.
This is the first record of this species from Hateruma Is. In Japan, distribution of this species is restricted to Yaeyama Islands of Ryukyus.
This species belongs to the
Head 0.54–0.56 (
Mesosoma. Epomia very short. Front end of notaulus with a sharp-edged transverse crest. Notauli not reaching past centre of mesoscutum, their posterior ends not joined with each other. Mesoscutum sparsely and finely punctate, its anterior end protruded anteriorly. Scutellum sparsely and finely punctate, roundly convex, with a lateral carina that reaches apex (Fig.
Metasoma. T I 1.0–1.1 (
Colouration (Figs
Japan (Honshu, Kyushu and Amamioshima Is.).
In Japan, adults were collected from May to July, October and December. The authors collected this species along a path inside the broad-leaved forest in Kyushu and Amamioshima Is. Host is unknown.
The species name is from Latin “
This species belongs to the
Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Yakushima Is., Amamioshima Is. and Okinawa Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from India, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (
In Japan, adults were collected in January, February and from May to October. Although a small number of individuals have been observed, winter is passed in the stage of adult in Honshu (Fig.
This is the first record of this species from Japan. No characteristics unique to the Japanese population were detected.
This species belongs to the
Head 0.51–0.53 (
Mesosoma. Epomia very short. Front end of notaulus with a sharp-edged transverse crest. Notauli not reaching past centre of mesoscutum, their posterior ends not joined with each other. Mesoscutum sparsely and finely punctate, its anterior end weakly protruded anteriorly. Scutellum sparsely and finely punctate, roundly convex, with a lateral carina that reaches apex (Fig.
Metasoma. T I 1.0–1.1 (
Colouration (Figs
Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu).
In Japan, adults were collected in January, February, June to September and December. Winter is passed in the stage of adult (Fig.
The specific name is after Hiroyuki Yoshimura (Sanda City), who collected part of the paratypes and first noticed the differences in body maculation from
Although this species is morphologically very similar to
Phylogenetic trees showing the relationships of five species of Japanese
Wintering female of Japanese
The host records of Japanese
1) Parasitoids of stem borers
2) Parasitoids of large moths with exposed habitats
Species of the
3) Parasitoids of bagworm moths
The hosts of other species of Japanese
The genus
All wintering individuals were female. This is similar to other ichneumonids overwintering as adults under evergreen leaves, such as
Most Japanese
We cordially thank David Wahl (