Revision of the genus Trichrysis Lichtenstein , 1876 from China , with description of three new species ( Hymenoptera , Chrysididae )

The Chinese species of the genus Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 are revised for the first time. Thirteen species are recorded, of which three species are new for science, T. coeruleamaculata Rosa, Wei & Xu, sp. n., T. tridensnotata Rosa, Wei & Xu, sp. n., and T. yuani Rosa, Feng & Xu, sp. n.. Two species are revalidated: T. tonkinensis (Mocsáry, 1914) and T. formosana (Mocsáry, 1912). Two new synonymies are proposed, T. formosana (Mocsáry, 1912)=T. sauteri (Mocsáry, 1912), syn. n.=T. taial (Tsuneki, 1970), syn. n.. The lectotype of Chrysis pellucida du Buysson, 1887 is designated.


Introduction
The genus Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 belongs to the tribe Chrysidini (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae).Trichrysis has been traditionally considered as a subgenus of Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761 (Lichtenstein 1876;Mocsáry 1889;Bischoff 1910Bischoff , 1913;;Trautmann 1927;Balthasar 1953, etc.).Linsenmaier (1959) considered Trichrysis and Chrysidea Bischoff, 1913 as two subgenera in the genus Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761, separated by shape and position of S2 black spots and outer veins of fore wing discoidal cell.Later, Linsenmaier (1968Linsenmaier ( , 1984) ) moved all the species included in the subgenus Chrysis (Chrysidea) into the subgenus Chrysis (Trichrysis) because shape of S2 black spots and wing venations are variable when considering species outside the Palaearctic Region.Bohart and Kimsey (1980) elevated Trichrysis to generic rank; Bohart (1987) presented a key to twenty species of this genus and Kimsey and Bohart (1991) gave a checklist of twenty six known species.Linsenmaier (1994Linsenmaier ( , 1997) ) moved the inops species-group and lusca species-group from the subgenus Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1968 into the subgenus Trichrysis based on morphological characteristics and trophic relationships with their hosts, and subdivided the Palaearctic and Oriental Trichrysis into three species-groups: T. cyanea species-group, T. lusca species-group and T. pumila species-group; the T. lusca species-group includes species with five teeth on apex of T3, while the T. cyanea species-group with three teeth on apex of T3.Strumia (2009) described a new species from the Mediterranean region.Rosa and Xu (2015) assigned the T. pumila species-group to the genus Chrysidea, following Bohart (1988), Kimsey and Bohart (1991).Therefore, thirty three valid species were known in the genus before this study (Kimsey and Bohart 1991;Linsenmaier 1994Linsenmaier , 1997;;Rosa 2006;Strumia 2009;Madl and Rosa 2012).

Materials and methods
All specimens were examined and described under stereomicroscope (Leica MZ125).Photographs of specimens from South China Agricultural University (SCAU) were taken with a digital camera (Cool SNAP) attached to a Zeiss Stemi 2000-CS stereomicroscope.Images were processed using Image-Pro Plus software.Images of types from other museums were taken with Nikon D-80 connected to stereomicroscope Togal SCZ and stacked with software Combine ZP, white balance was calibrated using photo-camera settings to reduce blue effect of fluorescent light of Togal microscope.
Etymology.The specific name derives from Latin adjective coerulea (= blue) and Latin past participle maculata (= spotted) and refers to blue spots on T3 before pit row.(Linnaeus, 1758) is similar to T. secernenda (Mocsáry, 1912) and T. triacantha.However it can be separated from T. secernenda by small and fused black spots on S2 (Fig. 97) (large and separated in T. secernenda); it can be separated from T. triacantha by angle-shaped lateral teeth on T3 (sharp in T. triacan- tha) and single TFC, without branches (raised with or without distinct branches in T. triacantha).
Metasoma.Punctures on T1 and T2 distinctly geminate, micropunctate on interspaces (Fig. 11).T2 and T3 usually without median carina.T3 prepit bulge slightly convex, especially medially; pit row distinct, with large, round and close pits, not fused.Apex of T3 with three distinct teeth similar in size, in dorsal view (Fig. 12); lateral teeth angle-shaped, in lateral view; interval between median tooth and lateral tooth variable, from straight to slightly convex.S2 black spots diamond shaped, medially fused.
Colouration.Body colouration variable, usually light blue to dark blue, or green to dark green with darker areas dorsally.Scape and pedicel metallic blue, flagellum black.Tegula usually brown, without metallic reflection.Legs metallic blue, with tarsi black.
Male.Body length 4.6-5.5 mm.Male differs from female as follows: apex of T3 with teeth shorter (Fig. 18), sometimes only median tooth is distinctly visible; pre pit row area not bulged (Fig. 18); interval between median tooth and lateral tooth straight; body usually more greenish than that of female, and with blackish area dorsally (Figs 13,18).Biology.Collected from April to October, possibly with more than one generation.In the West Palaearctic it is known as a parasitoid of crabronid wasps (Tormos et al. 1996;Gathmann and Tscharntke 1999;Rosa 2006;Pärn et al. 2014).
Variation.Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus, 1758) is a variable species due to its wide distribution through Palaearctic and Oriental Regions.Some differences can be observed between the Chinese specimens and western Palaearctic specimens.For example, western Palaearctic specimens have scapal basin striate medially, sometimes with small aligned punctures within striae (densely punctate in Chinese specimens); pronotum with weak pronotal carina and tegula usually brown, without or with weak metallic reflections (metallic in some Chinese specimens from Yunnan).Nevertheless, in Yunnan more specimens have been collected with and without metallic colouration on tegulae, therefore we consider this character as variable in this species.For other Trichrysis species (as already observed by Bohart (1987)), the colouration of tegulae seems to be a fix and reliable diagnostic character.
Metasoma.Punctures on T1 and T2 distinctly geminate; interspaces punctate laterally.T2 and T3 with weak median carinae.T3 prepit bulge medially convex; pit row distinct, with large, deep and round pits, close, but not fused (Fig. 23); median bridge of pit row sharply depressed, leaving apical tooth hook-like in lateral view (Fig. 24).Apex of T3 with three teeth similar in size; interval between median tooth and lateral tooth straight.S2 black spots small and round, fused medially.
Colouration.Body blue to bluish-green, with pair of symmetric blue spots on T1, T2 and T3, respectively.Tegula fully metallic blue to bluish-green.Legs metallic blue to bluish-green, with tarsi black or blackish-brown.
Remarks.The interpretation of T. formosana by different authors was sometimes erroneous (Tsuneki 1970;Hanada 1989), and referable to other species.Kimsey and Bohart (1991) placed T. formosana in synonymy with T. triacantha.These two species are clearly distinguishable by: body colouration, blue to bluish-green, with contrasting blue area dorsally and greenish to golden-green strips laterally and posteriorly on T1, T2 and T3 (uniform blue in T. triacantha); apex of T3 with straight interval between median tooth and lateral tooth (convex in T. triacantha); and median bridge of pit row sharply depressed, leaving apical tooth hook-like (median bridge of pit row straight or slightly depressed in T. triacantha).We here revalidate T. formosana (Mocsáry, 1912) from the previous synonymy.
T. sauteri (Mocsáry, 1912) was described on a male collected by Sauter in July 1907, together with the female type specimens of T. formosana at Taiwan (Formosa, Takao [currently Kaohsiung]); the two species share the same main diagnostic characteristic of median bridge of pit row depressed.Therefore, we here consider T. sauteri (Mocsáry, 1912) as synonym of T. formosana (Mocsáry, 1912).
T. taial Tsuneki, 1970 was synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart (1991) with T. luzonica based on median bridge of pit row sharply depressed, leaving apical tooth hook-like.However, this characteristic is valid for T. formosana and not for T. luzonica, therefore we consider Chrysis (Trichrysis) taial Tsuneki, 1970 as a synonym of T. formosana (Mocsáry, 1912).(Smith, 1874) is similar to T. lusca (Fabricius, 1804) and it was synonymised with the latter by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).However, it can be easily separated from the latter by: body metallic coppery dorsally on mesosoma; TFC simple, without branches upwards to ocellar area; T2 ending in a raised carina; T3 pre pit row area strongly overhanging over pit row; pit row broad and distinct, with large pits partly fused; S2 black spots small and fused (Fig. 98).
Remarks.Kimsey and Bohart (1991) placed this species in the genus Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959, because it bears five teeth on apex of T3.However, as already observed by Linsenmaier (1994) and Madl and Rosa (2012), some important morphological and biological characteristics of the species are indeed typical of the genus Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876.Apex of T3 with five teeth can be considered as an extreme variation of convex interval between median tooth and lateral tooth, which is variable in the genus Trichrysis.arated from the latter by: body uniformely blue to green, with golden lateral spot on T2; TFC with branches upwards to ocellar area; T2 without apical raised carina; prepit bulge slightly convex, not strongly overhanging over pit row; pit row with single, small and separated pits; S2 with black spots large and partly separated.
Colouration.Head metallic bluish-green, with green-golden reflection on face and dark blue spot on vertex.Scape, pedicel and F1 metallic bluish-green, rest of flagellum black.Mesosoma metallic bluish-green to green, with mesoscutum medially dark blue to purple, distinctly darker than lateral lobes.Metasoma bluish-green to blue, with golden spots on T2 postero-laterally.Tegula metallic blue.Legs metallic bluish-green, with tarsi black.
Male.Body length 8.3-9.8 mm.Male differs from female as follows: body green, with dark blue in ocellar area, on mesoscutum and on T3 antero-laterally and apically; F2 partially metallic; T3 median tooth and lateral tooth short and blunted.
Colouration.Head and mesosoma metallic bluish-green to green, with golden reflections.Scape, pedicel and F1 metallic bluish-green to green, rest of flagellum black.Tegula fully metallic green.Legs metallic bluish-green, with tarsi brown.Metasoma metallic bluish-green to green, with anterior margins of T2 and T3 dark blue and posterior margin of T2 lighter green to golden-green.
Male.Body length 4.5-5.0mm.Male differs from female as follows: body mostly darker coloured; vertex, pronotum, mesoscutum, T2 and T3 dark metallic bluish to black; teeth on apex of T3 shorter compared to female.
Remarks.This species was reported for China (Hong Kong and Taiwan) by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).Nevertheless, their interpretation was confused with T. formosana (Mocsáry), based on shape of T3 (Bohart 1987).Mocsáry's (1889) original description of T3 as follow: "tertio [segmento] convexo, supra seriem calloso, foveolis paucis, 6 tantum, magnis ac profundis rotundisque per carinulam medianam in spinam brevem acutam triangularem productam interruptis [...]" (third tergite convex, bulged on pre pit row, with six large, deep and round pits, medially interrupted by median carina extended to short, acute and triangular spine [= median tooth]).Therefore, no available records are currently known from China.However, it is possible that this species could be misidentified in collections and we here list and key it together with other Chinese species.Diagnosis.Trichrysis pellucida (du Buysson, 1887) is similar to T. yuani sp.n. for habitus, but it can be easily separated from the latter by: body length 9.0-10.0mm; body dark blue to violet, or occasionally dark green with bluish areas; apex of T3 with sharp median tooth (Fig. 54); F1 l/w = 3.5.
Metasoma.Punctures on T1 and T2 geminate, smaller than punctures on mesosoma (Fig. 53); interspaces punctate.T2 and T3 with median carinae.T3 with coarse punctuation and strigate sculpture on depression before pre pit row; T3 prepit bulge markedly convex; pit row with round pits, remarkably large and deep, not fused; post pit row area deep and elongated (Fig. 49).Apex of T3 with one sharp median tooth and two blunt lateral teeth; interval between median tooth and lateral tooth usually straight (Fig. 54).S2 black spots medially fused (Fig. 101).
Colouration.Body dark blue to violet; rarely dark green with blackish areas.Scape blue to violet, pedicel and flagellum black.Tegula blackish-brown, with metallic reflections partly.Legs metallic bluish-green, with tarsi blackish-brown, without metallic reflections, or with occasionally weak reflections.Sternites greenish-blue.
Male.Not available for this study.Distribution.China (Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Hunan); Middle East to China and Russian Far East (Kimsey and Bohart 1991;Kurzenko and Lelej 2007).
Remarks.The description of Chrysis pellucida du Buysson was based on one female collected in China and two males collected in Turkey, all originated from the Abeille de Perrin collection.At MNHN, one Turkish male is deposited in the general collection (ex du Buysson collection); the other Turkish male and the Chinese female are deposited in the Abeille de Perrin collection.We here select the female specimen labelled as "Chine" as the lectotype.It matches the current interpretation of the species and it is in perfect condition.
T. coreana Uchida, 1927 was considered as a valid taxon by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).However, we follow Tsuneki's (1953b) interpretation of this taxon.Tsuneki (1947) examined Uchida's collection and placed T. coreana in synonymy with T. pellucida.This synonym is also confirmed by the original description and drawing given by Uchida (1927).Diagnosis.Trichrysis secernenda (Mocsáry, 1912) is similar to T. cyanea (Linnaeus, 1758) for habitus, geminate punctures on metasoma and tegula brown; but it can be separated from the latter by: black spots on S2 distinctly large and separated by narrow metallic line (Fig. 102); female F1 fully metallic and F2 partially metallic.
Metasoma.Punctuation geminate, on T1 with large punctures; on T2 with smaller punctures and interspaces large and smooth (about 1 PD).T2 without median cari- na.T3 without prepit bulge; pit row with small and isolated pits.Apex of T3 with three short teeth, and straight interval between median tooth and lateral tooth.S2 black spots large and elongated, separated by narrow metallic line medially (Fig. 60).
Metasoma.Punctures on T1 and T2 geminate, with punctate interspaces (Fig. 64); punctuation decreasing in diameter toward posterior margin on T2.T2 and T3 with weak median carinae.T3 prepit bulge medially convex; pit row with small and round separated pits.Apex of T3 with three teeth similar in size, with interval between median tooth and lateral tooth straight or occasionally slightly convex (Fig. 65).S2 black spots small (Figs 66, 103), medially fused.
Colouration.Body metallic bluish-green to green, with golden reflection on face and sternites.Scape and pedicel metallic green, flagellum black.Tegula brown, with weak metallic reflections.Legs metallic green, with tarsi black.
Remarks.Tsuneki (1961: 374) gave the description and line drawings of C. (Trichrysis) tonkinensis based on one specimen collected in Thailand (Doi Inthanon), without checking its type.The drawings do not match the type.The characteristics given by Tsuneki (1961) more closely resemble T. luzonica (Mocsáry) or T. triacantha (Mocsáry).Therefore the synonym proposed by Tsuneki, T. bicarinata (Tsuneki) = T. tonkinensis is incorrect.Linsenmaier (1984) described Chrysis (Trichrysis) rossi based on a specimen collected at San José, Mindoro P.I. [Philippine Islands].Linsenmaier (1984) erroneously considered locality San José as a Chilean locality.Later Kimsey and Bohart (1991) recognized right locality, and placed T. rossi and T. tonkinensis in synonymy with T. triacantha (Mocsáry) without type examination of the latter.T. tonkinensis and T. triacantha are similar, but can be separated by different colouration, with a characteristic olive green or bluish matt colouration dorsally on T. tonkinensis and non metallic tegula (fully metallic in T. triacantha); TFC simple, without branches (double and usually with branches in T. triacantha); and different shape of S2 black spots (Figs 66,72,103,104).We here revalidate T. tonkinensis (Mocsáry, 1914).ing characteristics: tegula fully metallic blue; pronotal sublateral carina complete; TFC well developed, usually appearing double and sometimes with weak branches upward to ocellar area; S2 black spots small (Fig. 104); T3 prepit bulge medially convex; interval between median tooth and lateral tooth slightly convex.It is separated from the common species, T. cyanea, by TFC (single, never double or with branches upwards to ocellar area in T. cyanea) and by S2 black spots (Fig. 104) differently shaped (T.cyanea, Fig. 97).
Description.Female.Body length 5.5-8.0 mm.Head.Scapal basin deep, striate, with aligned small punctures across striae.TFC well developed, usually beneath raised and laterally directed downward, appearing as double TFC, sometimes even with traces of dorsal branches upwards to ocellar area.Relative length of Mesosoma.Pronotal groove deep, extending to half length of pronotum; sublateral carina distinct and complete (Fig. 69).Mesoscutellum and metanotum without antero-median depression or pit.Punctuation uneven, with shining and wrinkled or punctate interspaces; mesoscutellum usually impunctate antero-medially.Mesopleuron with large punctures; episternal sulcus not particularly deep or enlarged.
Metasoma.Punctuation uniform on metasoma (Fig. 70); punctures on T1 larger than on T2; T1 and T2 laterally with small punctures on interspaces between large punctures.T2 with median carina.T3 prepit bulge convex; when evidently bulged then pre pit row area with large impunctate and shining area; pit row with large isolate pits.Apex of T3 with three pointed teeth, with convex interval between median tooth and lateral tooth (Fig. 71).S2 black spots small (Fig. 104), fused medially.
Colouration.Body metallic blue to bluish-green.Scape and pedicel metallic bluish-green, F1 from black to partially or fully metallic bluish-green, rest of flagellum black.Tegula metallic blue, or blackish-brown with extensive metallic reflections.Legs metallic bluish-green, with fore tarsi blackish-brown with reflection, mid and hind tarsis fully or partially metallic green.
Male.Similar to female, except for: apex of T3 with smaller teeth and without pre pit area.
Variation.Trichrysis triacantha is one of the most variable species.Its TFC varies from straight to downcurved at two ends, usually appearing as double TFC, with or without branches pointing to ocellar area, with some intermediate forms.Tsuneki (1961) synonymised T. bicarinata with C. tonkinensis without type examining; this identification was incorrect, but the drawings of T. bicarinata and T. tonkinensis in his publications (Tsuneki 1950(Tsuneki , 1961) confirm the synonymy with T. triacantha.Other variable characteristics of T. triacantha are: metallic colouration of F1 (from fully black to partially or fully metallic green); metallic colouration of basitarsus (partially or fully metallic green); and interval between median tooth and lateral tooth (vary from gently convex to markedly convex) (Figs 73-75).However, these specimens do not show variation for OOL, BOL, POL and relative length of P:F1:F2:F3.
Remarks.Trichrysis singalensis (Mocsáry, 1889) was synonymised with T. triacantha by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).T. singalensis was described from a single (?) specimen from Sri Lanka, originally housed in MNHU, and not from a syntype series including Myanmar specimens housed in MSNG as stated by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).The holotype was not found during our research (P.R. and N-s.W.) in the institute and not even by Dr. Frank Koch, curator at MNHU, and we could not find it in other museums.The four specimens identified as C. singalensis in MSNG do not match the original description.They were collected after the description and belong to different species.In Mocsáry's collection in Budapest there are seven specimens labelled as C. singalensis, but they also belong to different species.
T. vestigator (Smith, 1858) was described from Borneo and could be present in Sumatra, from where T. tricantha (Mocsáry, 1889) was described.The two species are very likely synonymy, but the type of T. vestigator was not available for this study.Based on short description and key given by Bohart (1987), we could not state that T. triacantha is a junior synonym of T. vestigator at present.Diagnosis.Trichrysis tridentinotata sp.n. is close to T. triacantha (Mocsáry, 1889) based on tegula fully metallic blue, pronotal sublateral carina distinct and complete, TFC well developed, appearing double, and T3 prepit bulge distinctly convex.However, it can be separated from T. triacantha by: deep concave interval between median tooth and lateral tooth and different shape of S2 black spots (Fig. 105).
Colouration.Head metallic blue, with greenish reflections on face.Mesosoma metallic blue, with greenish-golden reflections on mesopleuron and metapleuron.T1 and T2 metallic blue, with greenish-golden reflections laterally; T3 metallic blue, with greenish-golden reflections laterally and posteriorly.Scape and pedicel metallic bluish-green, flagellum black.Tegula entirely metallic blue.Legs metallic greenish-blue, with fore tarsi blackish-brown. Male.Unknown.
Variation.The paratype of Trichrysis tridensnotata sp.n. shows some variations in relative length of flagellomeres, OOL, BOL and MS, as given in the description of head.
Etymology.The specific name tridensnotata derives from the Latin adjective tridens (= with three teeth) and the Latin adjective notatus (= evident) and refers to three large teeth on apex of T3. ) is similar to T. coeruleamaculata sp.n., but it can be easily separated from the latter by: body punctuation without interspaces between large punctures or with small wrinkled interspaces; OOL=2.0MOD; scapal basin striate medially; T1, T2 and T3 each with two small blue spots; tegula entirely metallic blue.
Metasoma.Punctures on T1 and T2 geminate and punctate on interspaces (Fig. 92); on T1 increasing in diameter toward lateral margins.T2 and T3 with median carina.T3 with coarse punctuation; prepit bulge convex; pit row with remarkably large and deep pits partially fused.Apex of T3 with one blunt median tooth and two blunt angulate lateral teeth; interval between median tooth and lateral tooth straight to slightly convex.S2 black spots enlarged and medially fused (Fig. 107).
Colouration.Body metallic greenish-blue, with dark blue spots on vertex, mesoscutellum and T2.Scape and pedicel greenish-blue, flagellum black.Face with greenish-golden reflections.Tegula blackish-brown, with metallic greenish-blue reflections.Legs metallic greenish-blue, with tarsi black without metallic reflections.
Etymology.The species is named after the collector of holotype.