Body elongate; head about twice as wide as long (Fig. 3); antennal segment I 1.1–2.0 times as long as head, with basal one-half to one-fourth distinctly narrowed (Fig. 5); eyes kidney-shaped, occasionally elongate; vertex with medial sulcus; calli usually distinctive, posterior lobe of pronotum from flattened to convex (Fig. 4); pronotum densely punctate; posterior margin of pronotal disk from straight to deeply emarginate (Fig. 3); scutellum equilateral.

Host plant associations are poorly known. Prodromus clypeatus Distant, 1904 and P. oculatus (Poppius, 1912) have been reported to feed on banana (Musaceae) and young Musa leaves (Odhiambo 1962). Prodromus melanonotus Carvalho, 1951 and P. thaliae China, 1944 have been documented as inhabitants of Marantochloa and Thalia (Marantaceae) (Stonedahl 1988).

Paleotropical.

Prodromus was established by Distant (1904), with P. subflavus designated as the type species. Three species, P. subflavus, P. clypeatus, and P. subviridis Distant, 1904 were originally described within Prodromus (Distant, 1904) with 23 additional species subsequently added to the genus. The original diagnosis of Prodromus was based on the following combination of characters: a broad head with pedunculate eyes and a longitudinal sulcus on the vertex, antennal segment I longer than the head, segment II approximately 1.5 times longer than segment I, pronotum having a narrow collar, constriction behind calli, and swollen, coarsely punctate disk with a concave posterior margin, and cuneus longer than broad.

Poppius (1911) erected a monotypic genus Prodromopsis to accommodate Prodromus cunealis Distant, 1907 based on the more vertical head with projecting clypeus, longer antennal segments III and IV, long and narrow cuneus, and short vestiture. Carvalho (1957) synonymised Prodromopsis, within which nine species were recognised at the time, with Sinervus. However, subsequently he reinstated the genus as valid, differentiating it from Sinervus based on the less pedunculate eyes, the somewhat convex anterior margin of the collar, the hind margin of disc being slightly convex, and the less narrowed cuneus (Carvalho 1981).

Carvalho (1981) considered the much longer cuneus and the more pedunculate eyes as characters suitable for unambiguously distinguishing Prodromopsis from Prodromus. Stonedahl (1988), however, treated Prodromopsis as a junior synonym of Prodromus. Thus, he characterised Prodromus as having substylate to strongly pedunculate eyes and an elongate, curved cuneus, three times or more as long as broad.

Odhiambo (1962) described Duducoris to accommodate three newly described species from Uganda. He considered this genus to be closely allied to Prodromus, suggesting that Duducoris can be differentiated by a more flattened body, a non-sulcate vertex, eyes only weakly projecting above the vertex, a relatively short narrowed basal part of the antennal segment I, weakly raised calli, a pronotum deeply emarginated posteriorly, and shorter legs.

Akingbohungbe (1975) described a new Nigerian species of Duducoris, D. wardi Akingbohungbe, 1975, characterised by a pubescent pronotal disk, a broadly emarginate posterior margin of pronotum, and a labium reaching apex of mesosternum. A key allowing for distinguishing the four Duducoris species was also provided.

Stonedahl (1988), in his comprehensive revision of six eccritotarsine genera including Prodromus, performed cladistic analysis of Prodromus species based on a matrix of 16 bistate characters. Duducoris sp. was chosen as the outgroup taxon, with all the characters coded as 0. Importantly, the character matrix used for analysis did not include a specific Duducoris species, and no apomorphies of Prodromus were presented during this study. Stonedahl concluded that Prodromus can be distinguished from Duducoris based on the combination of the following characters: a longer, less hypognathous head, a frons weakly convex or nearly straight, the basal 1/4–1/2 of the antennal segment I distinctly narrowed, the length of antennal segment III greater than or equal to the length of segment II, a pronotal disk moderately convex, femora relatively longer and narrower, usually slightly swollen distally, and the apex of the left paramere usually unmodified.

However, after we conducted a thorough examination of the specimens of various species within Prodromus and Duducoris, a set of characters allowing for unambiguous discrimination of these genera was not revealed.

The body of Prodromus spp., in particular the pronotal disk, can be weakly convex, like in P. kawandanus Odhiambo, 1962 (Fig. 4B), P. ibbaicus Linnavuori, 1975 (Fig. 4C) and P. tafoensis Stonedahl, 1988, while the pronotum of Duducoris can be raised posteriorly as in some Prodromus species. The latter condition may be observed in D. incisus (Fig. 4G). The clypeus is not always flattened in Prodromus. For instance, in P. ibbaicus (Fig. 5C) and P. kawandanus (Fig. 5D) the clypeus is as swollen as in Duducoris species. The thin basal part of antennal segment I may occupy from one-quarter to one-half of the segment, so that the slender basal part of the segment in Prodromus and Duducoris may be subequal as compared to the length of antennal segment I. Eyes may be both rounded and kidney-shaped, which is typical for the majority of species, and rarely elongated, as in P. kawandanus, resembling the condition observed in Duducoris.

According to Odhiambo (1962), the posterior margin of the pronotum in Duducoris is deeply emarginate. Based on our observations, this medial depression is always present, but may be poorly expressed. For instance, in D. pilosus Odhiambo, 1962 (Fig. 3G) the posterior margin of the pronotum resembles that of such Prodromus species as P. ibbaicus (Fig. 3B), P. kawandanus (Fig. 3C), and P. tafoensis. The pronotum in Prodromus spp. may be straight posteriorly, as in P. melanonotus (Fig. 3A), or slightly depressed, as in P. subviridis, P. abuyog Stonedahl, 1988, P. apoensis Stonedahl, 1988, and others.

According to Stonedahl (1988), P. ibbaicus was the sister taxon to all remaining Prodromus spp. with P. kawandanus branching off next. These species exhibit characters traditionally considered typical for Duducoris: eyes weakly elevated above the vertex, frons moderately convex, anteclypeus distinctly swollen and pronotal disk flattened. In P. kawandanus, eyes are also elongate in dorsal and lateral views, resembling those of Duducoris species. However, we believe P. ibbaicus and P. kawandanus should not be placed in Duducoris, as such a taxonomic act will further blur the line between Prodromus and Duducoris.

Our investigation revealed no significant differences, which allowed us to distinguish between Prodromus and Duducoris. Therefore, we suggest that Duducoris represents a specific form of the highly polymorphic genus Prodromus, and thus synonymise Duducoris Odhiambo, 1962 with Prodromus Distant, 1904. Consequently, Prodromus is here redefined, containing the following 31 species:

Prodromus abuyog Stonedahl, 1988 – Philippine Islands and North Borneo.

Prodromus aethiopicus (Poppius, 1910), comb. nov. – Kilimanjaro, Kenya, South Sudan, Natal in South Africa.

Prodromus alboviridescens (Motschulsky, 1863) nomen dubium.

Prodromus angulatus (Odhiambo, 1962), comb. nov. – Uganda.

Prodromus apoensis Stonedahl, 1988 – Mindanao, Philippine Islands.

Prodromus bakeri Stonedahl, 1988 – Luzon, Philippine Islands.

Prodromus borneoensis Stonedahl, 1988 – Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia.

Prodromus cambodiensis Stonedahl, 1988 – Cambodia; Sarawak, Malaysia.

Prodromus chiangmaiensis Stonedahl, 1988 – Northwestern Thailand.

Prodromus clypeatus Distant, 1904 – Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India (Kerala), Thailand, southern China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Java, Ambon.

Prodromus gressitti Stonedahl, 1988 – Northwestern Thailand.

Prodromus ibbaicus Linnavuori, 1975 – Equatoria Province, South Sudan.

Prodromus incisus (Odhiambo, 1962), comb. nov. – Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Prodromus joveri Delattre, 1950 – Ivory Coast.

Prodromus kawandanus Odhiambo, 1962 – Uganda and South Sudan.

Prodromus melanonotus Carvalho, 1951 – Ghana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Haut Uele, Mauda).

Prodromus mindanao Stonedahl, 1988 – Mindanao and Samar, Philippine Islands.

Prodromus nigrus (Carvalho, 1981) – New Guinea.

Prodromus nimbus Delattre, 1950 – Guinea.

Prodromus novoguinensis Stonedahl, 1988 – Western New Guinea.

Prodromus oculatus (Poppius, 1912) – New Guinea, Bismark Archipelago, Solomon Islands.

Prodromus pelagus Stonedahl, 1988 – Sarawak, Malaysia.

Prodromus philippinensis (Poppius, 1915) – Luzon, Philippine Islands.

Prodromus pilosus (Odhiambo, 1962) comb. nov. – Uganda.

Prodromus ranau Stonedahl, 1988 – North Borneo.

Prodromus sabah Stonedahl, 1988 – North Borneo.

Prodromus subflavus Distant, 1904 – Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

Prodromus subviridis Distant, 1904 – Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar.

Prodromus tafoensis Stonedahl, 1988 – Ghana.

Prodromus thaliae China, 1944 – Ghana.

Prodromus wardi (Akingbohungbe, 1975), comb. nov. – Nigeria.

Head hammer-shaped, 0.2–0.4 times as long as wide; vertex longitudinally sulcate at middle; eyes distinctly pedunculate; collar and pronotal disk deeply punctate, punctures dense, spacing between punctures smaller than punctures diameter, rarely fusing; posterior angles of pronotal disk rounded; calli prominently raised, divided by deep longitudinal depression; scutellum very small, only about 0.3 times as wide and 0.3–0.4 times as long as pronotum, strongly pointed at apex; membrane with thick vein, apical angle acute, membranal cell nearly reaching apex of cuneus.

Male. Colouration. Antenna usually with entirely or partly darkened segments I and II; head and pronotum from ochraceus to dark brown; clavus brown to dark brown, corium cinnamon or whitish with brown bands or spots apically or medioapically, cuneus from pale brownish yellow to dark brown (as in Fig. 6A–D, F–H).

Surface and vestiture. Body shining, covered with dense pale erect to semierect setae; pronotum deeply punctate, punctures dense, rarely fusing, the distance between punctures less than puncture’s size; punctures on calli smaller, sparse, but more dense at sides; scutellum wrinkly.

Structure. Body elongate, 3.4–4.1 times as long as width of pronotum; total length 3.5–4.3 mm.

Head. Strongly transverse, short in dorsal view, 0.3–0.4 times as long as wide, triangular in frontal view; eyes pedunculate, distinctly projecting above vertex in frontal view, kidney-shaped in lateral view; vertex about 1.0–1.3 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; antennal segment I 0.4–0.6 times as long as pronotum and 0.4–0.5 times as long as its width; clypeus swollen; mandibular plate subquadrate, maxillary plate trapeziform; labium relatively short, reaching from middle of fore coxa almost to hind coxa.

Thorax. Pronotum campanulate, 1.0–1.2 times as wide as long, 1.1–1.3 times as wide as head; collar 0.5–0.9 times as long as calli; calli prominently raised, divided by a deep longitudinal depression, 0.3–0.6 times as wide as pronotum; collar and calli combined length 0.3–0.4 times as long as pronotum, with deep depression behind calli extending at sides of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli and collar 0.6–0.7 times, 0.2–0.3 times, 0.1–0.2 times as long as entire pronotum, respectively; posterior angles of pronotum rounded, posterior margin straight to moderately concave; mesoscutum entirely covered with pronotum; scutellum small, 0.3–0.4 times as long as pronotum, triangular, equilateral, apically tapering.

Legs. Femora cylindrical, usually gradually thickening distally, less than two times as wide as tibiae; tarsus three-segmented, segment II almost twice as long as segment I, segment III slightly longer than segment I.

Hemelytron. Long, apex of cuneus far surpassing apex of abdomen, from semitransparent to opaque; membrane with one cell, membranal vein strongly curved apically, nearly reaching apex of cuneus; cuneus about 2.0–2.5 times as long as wide at base.

Genitalia. Genital capsule wider than long; aperture large, dorsoposteriorly oriented; apex of ventral wall with lobe-shaped sclerotised processes forming paramere sockets; supragenital bridge absent (Fig. 9A–E).

Aedeagus tubular, C-shaped, with strongly sclerotised basal part and entirely membranous, non-eversible, single-lobed apical portion, without clear demarcation between phallotheca and endosoma, sometimes with a dorsal outgrowth at base (Fig. 8); ductus seminis entirely membranous, apically terminating with barely recognisable secondary gonopore devoid of distinctive sculpture.

Parameres subequal in size, left paramere more or less falciform, right one somewhat S-shaped, sometimes with a flattened sensory lobe (Fig. 10).

Female. Similar to male in colouration, surface, vestiture, structure, and measurements. Sexual dimorphism not apparent.

Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix membranous, vulvar region and posterior wall devoid of any distinctive sclerotisations; sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate very thin and weakly sclerotised, with medially oriented outgrowth (Fig. 9F).

Kunungua appears to be most closely related to Prodromus due to the hammer-shaped head with distinctly pedunculate eyes, deeply punctate pronotum, and elongate body. However, Kunungua can be unambiguously distinguished from Prodromus on the basis of the following combination of characters: head only 0.24–0.39 times as long as wide, eyes strongly pedunculate, calli prominently raised, scutellum small, only about 0.3 times as wide and 0.3–0.4 times as long as pronotum, and parameres subequal in size.

Kunungua resembles New World genera of the Prodromus complex e.g., Sinervus, Sinervaspartus, and Spartacus, possessing the distinctively stalked eyes, sulcate vertex, strongly elevated calli, distinctly convex pronotal disk, and more or less falciform left paramere. The colouration of K. ukerewensis (Fig. 6G), K. atramentomaculata sp. nov. (Fig. 6C), K. gemina sp. nov. (Fig. 6F), and K. ornata sp. nov. (Fig. 6D) with specific bands is similar to that of some Sinervus species, in particular S. baerensprungi Stål, 1860 and S. minezi Carvalho, 1990. However, these genera differ from Kunungua spp. in having a long and slender, sickle-shaped cuneus, a narrower collar, and confluent calli that are distinctly separated posteriorly from the pronotal disk with a deep constriction dorsally and at sides.

The external characters of Kunungua, specifically colouration, suggest that two groups can be recognised within Kunungua, the first one comprising K. boxi and K. cinnamomea, and the second one including the remaining species. Kunungua boxi (Fig. 6B) and K. cinnamomea (Fig. 6A) share the brown hemelytra, a fuscous membrane, distinctly swollen clypeus and frons, an extremely short labium, reaching procoxa only (Fig. 7F, G), antennal segment I reddish, short, 1.3–1.6 times as long as head, a comparatively short eye peduncle, oblique, longer in the basal part, a cinnamon-coloured pronotum, and a strongly curved distally membranal vein, forming an acute angle.

Kunungua ukerewensis, K. atramentomaculata sp. nov., K. gemina sp. nov., and K. ornata sp. nov. are characterised by yellowish white hemelytra with specific brownish bands (Fig. 6C, D, F–H), gradually darkening from pale yellow to brown antennal segment I, a transparent membrane, strongly pedunculate eyes, slightly swollen frons, labium reaching approximately the middle of the mesothorax, and a distinctly curved distally membranal vein, forming a right angle. Interestingly, K. cinnamomea appears to be the only species to possess denticles on the apex of the right paramere (Fig. 10C, E). Unfortunately, we have not dissected male genitalia of K. boxi, and the only existing picture of K. boxi parameres and aedeagus (Odhiambo 1962) appears to be of a relatively poor quality. Therefore, no conclusions can be drawn about the presence of denticles on the apex of the right paramere in K. boxi.

Holotype. ♀, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Haut Uelé: Mabaya [Mabao], 3.32°N, 28.74°E, L. Burgeon1 (ZISP_ENT 00008427) (MRAC).

Paratype. Democratic Republic Of The Congo: 1♀, Haut Uelé: Moto, 3.056°N, 29.47°E, 1920, L. Burgeon (ZISP_ENT 00014326) (MRAC).

Recognised by the following combination of characters: collar dark brown; corium pale yellow, with brown transverse band starting slightly above claval apex and not quite reaching costal margin, blurring distally; cuneus brown, with brown spot blurring towards base.

This species can be unambiguously distinguished from all other congeners by the presence of a brown band crossing the corium transversely, starting slightly above the claval apex, but not reaching the outer margin of the corium.

Female. Colouration (Figs 6C, 7C). Head, except for pale yellow antennal fossa, dark brown; antennal segment I pale yellow basally, gradually darkening to brown apically, segment II dark brown, segments III and IV yellowish brown; eyes commonly dark brown; pronotum, scutellum, and clavus dark brown; corium pale yellow, with transverse brown band crossing corium, starting slightly above claval apex and nearly reaching costal margin, blurring distally; corium narrowly dark brown along costal margin in apical half; cuneus brown, basally with blurring brown spot and dark brown outer margin; membrane transparent, basal two-thirds of membrane fuscous, apical one-third whitish; coxae brown anteriorly, pale yellow posteriorly; femora pale yellow basally, dark brown at middle, brownish yellow distally; fore tibia pale yellow, darkened basally; middle tibia pale yellow, except for brown basal one-third; basal one-half of hind tibia brown, apical half pale yellow; tarsal segments I and II pale yellow, the latter slightly darkened apically; segment III greyish brown; abdomen dark brown basally and apically, middle part, comprising about one-half of abdomen, whitish yellow.

Vestiture. Clothed with long whitish simple setae, adpressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, somewhat shorter on pronotum.

Structure. Total length 4.2 mm; body 3.7 times as long as width of pronotum and 4.4 times as long as pronotal length.

Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 2 times as wide as collar; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons only slightly convex; vertex about 1.3 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 1.7 times as long as head, 0.5 times as long as pronotum, 0.4 times as long as pronotal width; labium long, almost reaching hind coxa (Fig. 7C).

Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave medially (Fig. 6C); pronotum 1.2 times as wide as long, 1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli and collar 0.7 times, 0.2 times, and 0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together about 0.3 times as long as pronotum.

Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, corium reaching apex of abdomen; cuneus about 1.5 times as long as wide at base (Figs 6C, 7C).

Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6C, 7C).

Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix as in K. ukerewensis, weakly sclerotised, with indistinct sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate, posterior wall entirely membranous.

Male. Unknown.

Known from two localities in Congo, Haut Uelé.

Unknown.

The specific epithet is a Latin adjective composed of the noun atramentum, meaning “ink” and the adjective maculatus, -a, -um, meaning “spotted”, referring to the shape of the band on the corium, blurring distally and thus resembling an ink spot.

While this species is known solely from two females, its distinct colouration prompted us to describe it despite the lack of known males. Given the observed variation in colour patterns within Kunungua, we are confident that with further collecting efforts, males could be readily associated with females.

Holotype. ♂, Ghana: Gold coast, Amentia, 6.22°N, 1.17°W, 15 Sep 1943, H. E. Box, Aframomum sp. (Zingiberaceae) (AMNH_PBI 00340367) (NHM).

Paratypes. Ghana: Gold coast, Amentia, 6.22°N, 1.17°W, 15 Sep 1943, H. E. Box, Aframomum sp. (Zingiberaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00340368, AMNH_PBI 00340369) (NHM). Gold coast, Asuansi, 5.3°N, 1.23°E, 15 Dec 1942, H. E. Box, Aframomum sp. (Zingiberaceae), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00340370) (NHM).

Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I terracotta, segment II dark brown, basally terracotta, segment III brownish yellow, segment IV sandy; head reddish yellow; pronotum ochraceus; hemelytron dark brown, with dirty yellow costal margin; femora reddish yellow. Parameres similar to those of K. ornata.

Kunungua boxi is most similar to K. cinnamomea (Fig. 6A) in the structure, body proportions, and colouration, differing from the latter species in the comparatively sparsely distributed, pale brown setae on tibiae, especially fore tibia, as well as in the colouration of antenna, head, and femora. Refer to the discussion section of the genus for additional details.

Male. Colouration (Figs 6B, 7F). Head reddish; antennal segment I terracotta, segment II dark brown, basally terracotta, segment III brownish yellow, segment IV sandy; eyes brownish scarlet; labium pale yellow, apex dark brown; collar, calli, and pronotal disk ochraceus, calli with reddish tinge; clavus and cuneus dark brown, corium dark brown with dirty yellow, gradually darkening apically costal margin; membrane fuscous, cinnamon, semitransparent; coxae pale yellow; femora reddish yellow, apically with reddish tinge; fore tibia brown, reddish basally; middle tibia brownish yellow; hind tibia brownish yellow basally, gradually darkening towards apex; tarsi pale yellow; abdomen uniformly brown.

Vestiture. Body covered with comparatively long simple setae, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, adpressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, goldish on dorsum, pale brown on legs and antennal segment I.

Structure. Total length 3.2–3.5 mm; body 3.7–3.8 times as long as basal width of pronotum.

Head. Eye peduncle short, oblique, with longer posterior margin; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin by about half of fossa width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons short, swollen; vertex about 1.0–1.2 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 0.5 times as long as pronotum; labium short, slightly surpassing fore coxa.

Thorax. Pronotum comparatively narrow, 1.0–1.1 times as wide as long, 1.0–1.2 times as wide as head; pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.6 times, 0.3 times, and 0.1 times as long as entire pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together about 0.4 times as long as pronotum; posterior margin straight, not concave (Fig. 6B).

Hemelytron. Opaque, long, cuneus distinctly surpassing the apex of abdomen; cuneus narrowly triangular, with slightly concave inner margin, about 1.5 times as long as wide at base (Figs 6B, 7F).

Legs. Relatively short, robust, femora cylindrical, of about the same diameter along entire length (Fig. 6B).

Genitalia. Parameres. Left paramere falciform (Odhiambo 1962: figs 62–63), tapering toward the apex, apex hook-like from the inner side; right paramere (Odhiambo 1962: figs 64–65) somewhat S-shaped, with relatively wide sensory lobe and with needle-shaped, upturned apex in lateral view. Aedeagus C-shaped, apically with single large membranous lobe (Odhiambo 1962: fig. 66).

Female. Colouration, structure, body proportions, and vestiture as in male.

The species was originally described and is still known from two localities in Ghana, which are ca. 130 kilometers apart from each other.

Aframomum sp. (Zingiberaceae).

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Nord-Kivu: Rutshuru, 1.18°S, 29.45°E, May 1937, J. Ghesquiere, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00008425) (MRAC). Tshuapa: Bokuma, 0.67°S, 21.02°E, Mar 1954, R.P. Lootens, 1♂ (ZISP_ENT 00008426) (MRAC). GABON: Estuaire: Mbel, 0.25°N, 10.18°E, Oct 1969, A. Villiers, 3♂ (ZISP_ENT 00009332, ZISP_ENT 00009333, ZISP_ENT 00009335), 2♀ (ZISP_ENT 00009334, ZISP_ENT 00014341) (MNHN).

Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I reddish, segments II–IV pale yellow; head cinnamon; femora reddish; right paramere apically serrate.

Most similar to K. boxi in the structure and colouration (see the discussion section of the genus for more details), differing from the latter species in the colour of antenna, specifically pale yellow antennal segment II, sandy head, reddish femora, and the more dense, dark brown setae on fore tibia.

Male. Colouration (as in Figs 6A, 7G). Head sandy; antennal segment I reddish, segments II–IV pale yellow, sometimes segment II with reddish tinge basally; eyes scarlet; clypeus brownish; labial segments I and II pale yellow, segments III and IV brownish yellow; pronotum sandy; corium and cuneus brown to cinnamon; clavus brown; membrane fuscous, cinnamon, semitransparent; fore coxa yellowish, middle and hind coxa brownish; femora reddish; fore tibia brown, middle and hind tibiae reddish brown; tarsus pale yellow; abdomen brown.

Vestiture. Body covered with simple semierect setae, brown on legs and antennal segment I, goldish brown on hemelytron, goldish elsewhere. Setae on tibiae, especially fore tibia, extremely dense, longer than tibia diameter, dark brown to brown.

Structure. Total length 3.5–4.3 mm; body 3.4–3.7 times as long as basal width of pronotum and 3.6–3.7 times as long as pronotal length.

Head 0.4 times as long as wide, 1.8–2 times as wide as collar; eye peduncle short, oblique, longer in basal part; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin by distance comprising about half of its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons short, swollen; vertex about as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 1.3 times as long as head, 0.4 times as long as pronotum, 0.4 times as long as pronotal width; labium short, reaching middle of fore coxa.

Thorax. Pronotum nearly as wide as long, 1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; posterior margin slightly concave medially (Fig. 6A); pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.6 times, 0.2–0.3 times, and 0.1–0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together about 0.4 times as long as pronotum.

Hemelytron. Opaque, long, cuneus reaching distinctly beyond the apex of abdomen; cuneus about 1.5 times as long as wide at base (as in Fig. 6A, 7G).

Legs. Relatively short, robust, femora cylindrical, of about the same diameter along entire length (as in Fig. 6A).

Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cuplike sclerite lobe-shaped, apically tapering, subequal in size. Outgrowth forming outer side of right paramere socket spike-like, left outer outgrowth blunt, apically widened (Fig. 9A).

Parameres. Left paramere falciform, tapering towards apex (Fig. 10A, B); right paramere with wide, flattened sensory lobe, serrated apically, with needle-shaped, upturned apex in lateral view (Fig. 10C–E).

Aedeagus. As in Fig. 8A, C-shaped, basal part without any outgrowths.

Female. Colouration, surface, and vestiture as in male. Total body length 3.7–4.4 mm; antennal segment I 1.4–1.5 times as long as head; head 0.3–0.4 times as long as wide.

The species was originally described from Kunungu and is currently known from two localities in Congo and one in Gabon.

Unknown.

Holotype. ♀, Democratic Republic of the Congo: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Kamitungula af. Lusinga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 1700 m, 04 Mar 1947–07 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 6a (ZISP_ENT 00008589) (MRAC).

Paratypes. Democratic Republic of the Congo: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Lusinga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 1760 m, 19 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 75a, 5♀ (ZISP_ENT 00008415, ZISP_ENT 00008416, ZISP_ENT 00008417, ZISP_ENT 00014336, ZISP_ENT 00014337), 1♂ (ZISP_ENT 00014338); 22 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 95a, 4♀ (ZISP_ENT 00014331, ZISP_ENT 00014332, ZISP_ENT 00014333, ZISP_ENT 00014334) (MRAC). P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Kamitungula af. Lusinga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 1700 m, 04 Mar 1947–07 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 6a, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00014335) (MRAC). Katanga: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Kabwoe sur Muye, 8.8°S, 26.85°E, 1.320 m, 13 May 1948–14 May 1948, Miss G. F. de Witte, 1603a, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00014318) (MRAC).

Democratic Republic of the Congo: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Lusinga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 17 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00014317) (MRAC); 19 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00008416) (MRAC).

Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I pale yellow, with dark brown apex; collar dark brown; corium pale yellow, with elongate brown spot in medioapical area; cuneus dark brown; right paramere with needle-shaped apex.

Resembles the dark form of K. ukerewensis in the general appearance, body proportions, and colouration, particularly in the presence of an oval brown spot in the medioapical area of corium and the entirely darkened cuneus. Kunungua ukerewensis can be distinguished from the new species in having brownish yellow to yellow collar (figs 6G, H), and the shape of both parameres (Fig. 10D–G).

Female. Colouration (Figs 6F, 7E). Head dark brown except for pale yellow antennal fossa; antennal segment I pale yellow, with dark brown apex, segments II–IV dark brown; eyes usually dark brown; pronotum, scutellum, and clavus dark brown; corium pale yellow, with longitudinal, more or less semicircular band along its inner margin starting slightly above claval apex; cuneus uniformly brown; membrane semitransparent, fuscous basally, whitish apically; coxae pale yellow; fore tibia and fore femur brownish yellow; middle and hind femora pale yellow basally, brown in middle part, brownish yellow apically; middle and hind tibiae brownish yellow, darker basally and gradually lightening apically; tarsal segment I pale yellow, segment II gradually darkening apically; segment III greyish brown; abdomen dark brown.

Vestiture. Clothed with whitish long simple setae, adpressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, somewhat shorter on pronotum.

Structure. Total length 4.2–4.3 mm; body 4.0–4.1 times as long as width of pronotum and 4.5–4.9 times as long as pronotal length.

Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as wide as collar; antennal fossa large, removed from the inner eye margin by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons flattened, only slightly convex distally; vertex about as wide as length of antennal segment I; antennal segment I 1.9–2.0 times as long as head, 0.5–0.6 times as long as pronotum, 0.4–0.5 times as long as pronotal width; labium relatively short, segment IV reaching middle of mesothorax (Fig. 7E).

Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave medially (Fig. 6F); pronotum 1.1–1.2 times as wide as long, 1.3 times as wide as head; calli 0.5 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.6–0.7 times, 0.2 times, and 0.1–0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together 0.3–0.4 times as long as pronotum.

Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, corium reaching the apex of abdomen; cuneus about twice and a half as long as wide at the base (Figs 6F, 7E).

Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6F).

Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix weekly sclerotised, sclerotised rings not distinctive, posterior wall fully membranous.

Male. Colouration, structure, surface, and vestiture as in female.

Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cuplike sclerite lobe-shaped, right being about twice as large as the left one. Outgrowth forming outer side of right paramere socket wide, trapeziform, left outer outgrowth small, claw-like (Fig. 9D).

Parameres. Subequal in size; right paramere somewhat S-shaped, apically needle-shaped (Fig. 10P, Q), left paramere falciform, apically tapering, somewhat expanded subapically (Fig. 10N, O).

Aedeagus as in Fig. 8D, E; C-shaped; with lobe-shaped, rounded, and devoid of pigmentation dorsal outgrowth of sclerotised part located close to phallobase.

Known from Congo.

Unknown.

The specific epithet is the Latin adjective geminus, -a, -um, meaning “twin”, in allusion to the similarity of the new species and the dark form of K. ukerewensis in general appearance.

Holotype. ♂, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Bas-Uele: Djamba, 9.82°S, 22.12°E, 25 Dec 1924, Dr H. Schouteden (ZISP_ENT 00008428) (MRAC).

Paratype. Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Orientale: Yangambi, 0.78°N, 24.47°E, Jun 1948, P. L. G. Benoit, 1♂ (ZISP_ENT 00008429) (MRAC).

Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I brown, pale yellow basally; collar brownish yellow; corium pale yellow, with wide, oblique brown band along cuneal fracture, starting near apex of clavus, reaching costal margin, and gradually narrowing laterally; cuneus pale yellow, with inner and outer margins narrowly brown; femora and tibiae pale yellow (Figs 6D, 7D).

The new species clearly differs from all congeners by the wide, oblique, gradually narrowing laterally, brown band, starting near the apex of the clavus and reaching the costal margin. While it somewhat resembles K. gemina in the shape of both parameres, it differs from that species in the shape of the apex of the right paramere (Fig. 10I, K), not to mention the striking differences in the colour-pattern (Fig. 6 D, F).

Male. Colouration (Figs 6D, 7D). Head, except for pale yellow posterior and anterior margins of eye peduncle and antennal fossa, antennal segment I, except for basal pale yellow quarter, and antennal segment II dark brown, antennal segments III and IV brownish; eyes reddish brown; collar brownish yellow; calli, pronotal disk, and scutellum dark brown; corium pale yellow, with wide oblique transverse brown band along cuneal fracture, starting near apex of clavus and narrowing towards costal margin; clavus dark brown; membrane semitransparent, pale yellow, with brown membranal vein; coxae brownish, posteriorly pale yellow; femora and tibiae pale yellow; cuneus pale yellow, with brown inner and outer margins; tarsal segments I and II pale yellow, the latter brownish apically, segment III brownish; abdomen dark brown.

Vestiture. Clothed with whitish long simple setae, adpressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, somewhat shorter on pronotum.

Structure. Total length 3.9–4.2 mm; body 3.4–3.6 times as long as width of pronotum and 3.7–4.0 times as long as pronotal length.

Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 2 times as wide as collar; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons flattened, only slightly convex distally; vertex 1.0–1.1 times as wide as length of antennal segment I, segment I 1.6–2.1 times as long as head, 0.5–0.6 times as long as pronotum, 0.5 times as long as pronotal width; labium reaching middle coxa (Fig. 7D).

Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave medially (Fig. 6D); pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, 1.1–1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5–0.6 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.7 times, 0.2 times, and 0.1–0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together 0.3 times as long as pronotum.

Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, corium reaching slightly beyond apex of abdomen; cuneus nearly twice and a half as long as wide at base (Figs 6D, 7D).

Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6D).

Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cuplike sclerite forming inner parts of paramere sockets lobe-shaped, right lobe about twice as large as left one; outgrowths forming outer sides of right and left paramere sockets trapeziform, wide and short, right one medially depressed, about twice as large as left (Fig. 9E).

Parameres. Subequal in size, left paramere slightly larger, falciform, tapering at apex (Fig. 10R, S); right paramere with a flattened sensory lobe and upturned hook-like apex (Fig. 10T, U).

Aedeagus. As in Fig. 8F; C-shaped, sclerotised basal part without any outgrowths.

Female. Unknown.

Known from two localities in Congo.

Unknown.

The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ornatus, -a, -um, meaning “ornate, adorned with decorative details”, referring to the presence of a wide brown band on the corium.

Holotype. ♀, Tanzania: Mara, Tanganyika Terr. Ukerewe Island, 2.02°S, 32.98°E, R.P. Conrads (AMNH_PBI 00340366) (NHM).

Dark form: Democratic Republic of the Congo: Nord-Kivu: Massif Ruwenzori, riv. Kakalari, affl. Bombi, 0.32°N, 29.78°E, 1.680 m, 28 Sep 1956, P. Vanschuytbroeck, VS738, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00008437) (MRAC). Katanga: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Kabwoe sur Muye, 8.8°S, 26.85°E, 1.320 m, 13 May 1948–14 May 1948, Miss G. F. de Witte, 1603a, 1♂ (ZISP_ENT 00014329) (MRAC). Katanga: Upemba National Park (P.N.U.), Gorges de la Pelenge, 7.15°S, 27.02°E, 1.150 m, 19 Jun 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 520a, 2♀(ZISP_ENT 00014327, ZISP_ENT 00008436); 21 Jun 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 521a, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00008412) (MRAC). Nord-Kivu: Terr. Rutshuru, 1.18°S, 29.45°E, Sep 1937, Miss. Prophylactique, 1♀ (ZISP_ENT 00014328) (MRAC). Tanzania: Mara, Victoria Nyanza: Ukerewe, 2.02°S, 32.98°E, Feb 1938, R. P. Conrads, 469, 2♂ (ZISP_ENT 00008413), 1♀1♂ (ZISP_ENT 00008414) (MRAC). Light form: Democratic Republic of the Congo: Nord-Kivu: Massif Ruwenzori, riv. Lume, 0.41°N, 29.78°E, 1.860 m, 12 Dec 1956, P. Vanschuytbroeck, VS 840d, 1♂ (ZISP_ENT 00008435), 2♀ (ZISP_ENT 00008432, ZISP_ENT 00014330) (MRAC). Kinshasa: P.N.A. Mont Hoyo, 1.25°N, 29.82°E, 1.280 m, 07 Jul 1955–15 Jul 1955, P. Vanschuytbroeck, 13274-309, 2♂ (ZISP_ENT 00008433, ZISP_ENT 00008434), 2♀ (ZISP_ENT 00008430, ZISP_ENT 00008431) (MRAC).

Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I dark brown, with pale yellow basis; collar brownish yellow; right paramere falciform, with swollen body, apically tapering (Fig. 10E, G); left paramere falciform, subapically widened, hook-like in lateral view (Fig. 10D, F).

The dark form resembles K. gemina sp. nov. in general appearance and colouration, particularly in the shape of the band on corium. However, this species differs from K. ukerewensis in having a needle-shaped apex of the right paramere (Fig. 10I), a pale yellow, apically darkened antennal segment I and a dark-brown collar (Figs 6F, 7E). The light form may be distinguished from all congeners by the same characters and additionally differs in having an almost entirely pale yellow corium and cuneus.

Male. Colouration. Dark form (as in Figs 6G, 7A). Head dark brown except for brownish yellow antennal fossa, antennal segment I, except for pale yellow narrowed basal part, segments II–IV brown, clypeus from basis to apex gradually lightening from dark brown to yellowish brown; collar dirty yellow to brownish yellow; calli, pronotal disk, scutellum, clavus and cuneus dark brown; corium pale yellow, with brown, more or less rounded band along its inner margin starting slightly above claval apex; membrane transparent, fuscous basally, gradually lightening apically; coxae pale yellow, with brownish anterolateral margin; basal half of femora usually pale yellow, apical half brownish, sometimes femora uniformly pale yellow; basal half of tibiae usually brownish, apical half pale yellow, sometimes tibiae uniformly pale yellow; tarsal segment I pale yellow, segment II pale yellow basally, gradually darkening apically; segment III brownish; abdomen dark brown.

Light form (as in Figs 6H, 7B). Head brown except for brownish yellow antennal fossa and pale yellow clypeus, slightly darkened along margins, antennal segment I pale yellow with brown apex, basal one-third of segment II sandy, apical two-thirds brownish; eyes usually dark brown; calli and scutellum brownish yellow; collar and pronotal disk sandy; clavus brown; corium pale yellow, with sandy, indistinctly bordered band along its inner margin, starting slightly above claval apex; cuneus pale yellow, apically sandy; membrane transparent, pale fuscous basally; coxae pale yellow, with brownish anterolateral margin; femora and tibiae pale yellow; tarsal segment I pale yellow, segment II pale yellow basally, gradually darkening apically; segment III brownish yellow; abdomen brown.

Vestiture. Covered with whitish setae, adpressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to or slightly longer than width of antennal segment I at middle.

Structure. Total length 3.6–3.9 mm; body 3.6–3.8 times as long as width of pronotum and 3.9–4.2 times as long as pronotal length.

Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 1.7–1.9 times as wide as collar; antennal fossa large, removed from the inner eye margin by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons flattened, only slightly convex distally; vertex 1.0–1.1 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 1.7–2.0 times as long as head, 0.5 times as long as pronotum, 0.4–0.5 times as long as pronotal width; labium relatively short, reaching middle of mesothorax (as in Fig. 7A, B).

Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave medially (Fig. 6G, H); pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long, 1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5–0.6 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.6 times, 0.2 times, and 0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together 0.4 times as long as pronotum.

Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, corium reaching apex of abdomen; cuneus about two-and-a-half times as long as wide at base (as in Figs 6G, H, 7A, B).

Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6G, H).

Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cuplike sclerite forming inner margins of paramere sockets lobe-shaped, right lobe about twice as large as left one; outgrowth forming outer side of right paramere socket trapeziform, medially depressed, left outer outgrowth small, spike-like (Fig. 9B, C).

Parameres. Subequal in size; right paramere С-shaped, with swollen, not flattened body, apically tapering (Fig. 10H, I, L, M); left paramere falciform, subapically widened, tapering at apex, hook-like in lateral view (Fig. 10F, G, J, K).

Aedeagus. As in Fig. 8B, C; C-shaped, sclerotised part with dorsal, non-pigmented, trapeziform outgrowth located close to phallobase.

Female. Structure, surface, and vestiture as in male. Colouration as in male, but cuneus pale yellow, with brown outer and inner margins. Total length 3.7–3.8 mm. Head 1.7–1.8 times as wide as collar; antennal segment I 1.6–2.2 times as long as head.

Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix weekly sclerotised, vulvar region and posterior wall devoid of any distinctive sclerotisations; sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate very thin and weakly sclerotised, with medially oriented sclerotised outgrowth (Fig. 9F).

Originally described from Tanganyika region (Tanzania). Currently known from Congo and Tanzania.

Unknown.

(based on Linnavuori (1975) and images of the holotype). Female. Colouration. Pale, greenish yellow; head ochraceous; antennae, labium, calli, cuneus, and legs pale yellow, tarsal segment III darkened, greyish yellow; collar yellowish; pronotal disk and corium greyish yellow, probably greenish yellow in life; clavus uniformly greyish green.

Surface and vestiture. Dorsum with short, pale and erect simple setae, longest on clavus; pronotum deeply punctate; legs with short simple setae.

Structure. Total length 4 mm, body 2.75 times as long as broad.

Head 0.4 times as broad as pronotum; frons broadly rounded; clypeus slightly swollen; vertex with a medial furrow, 2.12 times as wide as eye; basal one-fourth of antennal segment I distinctly thinner than remainder of segment; antennal segment I related to segment II as 9:16; eye reaching collar dorsoposteriorly, neck not distinctive; labium reaching mesocoxa.

Thorax. Pronotum 1.17 times as broad as long; pronotal disk strongly convex, posterior margin straight; scutellum triangular, small, about 0.43 times as wide and 0.3 times as long as pronotum.

Legs. Slender.

Hemelytron. Semitransparent; cuneus relatively short, the distance between apex of cuneus and apex of membrane about three-quarters of cuneal length; membranal vein strongly curved distally, forming an acute angle.

Genitalia. Unknown.