Research Article |
Corresponding author: Petr Kočárek ( petr.kocarek@osu.cz ) Academic editor: Susanne Randolf
© 2022 Petr Kočárek, Ivona Horká.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kočárek P, Horká I (2022) Identity of Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000, syn. nov. revealed: it is conspecific with Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978) (Zoraptera, Spiralizoridae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 69(1): 65-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.69.83154
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Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000, was previously diagnosed based on the external morphology of female and male specimens without description of the male copulatory organ, which is an important character for classification in Zoraptera. Based on a detailed morphological study of the Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000 type collections deposited in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and based on the comparison with the holotype male of Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978), we have determined that these two species are conspecific. We therefore formally synonymize Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000, syn. nov. with Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978). Morphological characters and phylogenetic relationships of Centrozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 are also discussed in this report.
Neotropical region, Peru, Polyneoptera, synonymy, taxonomy
Zoraptera is one of the smallest and least known of the insect orders (
The classification proposed by
In this contribution, we present the results of morphological analysis of the type series of Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000 which led to the clarification of the taxonomical status of this species.
The type specimens of Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000, which were stored in 96% ethanol, were studied and photographed with a Leica Z16 APO macroscope equipped with a CANON 6D Mark II camera; a slide-mounted type specimen of Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978) and genitalia of Z. juninensis were observed and documented with an Olympus CX41 microscope equipped with a Canon D1000 camera. Micrographs of 20 to 30 focal layers of the same specimen were combined with Helicon Focus software and finally processed with Adobe Photoshop CS6 Extended (version 13). Coiled flagella were measured with Corel Draw software. For observation of genital armature, the armature was placed in a 10% KOH solution at room temperature for 1 h before it was washed with distilled water and returned to 96% ethanol for observation and storage.
The classification and nomenclature are based on the study by
Total genomic DNA was isolated from the tissue of the paratype female of Z. juninensis (AMNH: IZS00343398) with courtesy of the museum. The isolation was performed with a QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The mitochondrial markers,16S rRNA and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and the nuclear marker, 18S rRNA, were amplified by PCR with minor modification of previously reported thermal cycling conditions (
Depositories for type specimens are abbreviated as follows:
In addition to investigating the type material of C. hamiltoni (New, 1978) and Z. juninensis Engel, 2000 (see the next section), we compared the material with the following museum specimens of Centrozoros neotropicus (Silvestri, 1916): COSTA RICA · 1 ♂; San José; 14 Nov 1935; leg. F. Nevermann; coll.
Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000 syn. nov.
Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978) – Holotype: Colombia · 1 apterous ♂; nr. Purace, Marenberg, Huila; 30 Mar 1976; leg. W.D. Hamilton; coll.
Dark-brownish black Zoraptera, with anterior regions of abdominal tergites darker than posterior regions; antennal segment nine, and apex of segment eight pale. Body length ranges from 2.9 to 3.6 mm; antennal length ranges from 1.45 to 1.63 mm. Ventral side of metafemur with row of 8 to 10 thickened setae situated in the distal two-thirds of the femur; proximal third with several (5–8) slender setae (Fig.
The studied paratype male of Z. juninensis fully agrees with the holotype male of C. hamiltoni in external characters as well as in morphology of male genital armature. The spiral of the coiled flagellum is more open in preparate of Z. juninensis (Fig.
Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978). A, B, C, E. The paratype male of Zorotypus juninensis Engel, 2000, syn. nov.; D, F. The holotype male of C. hamiltoni. A. Tip of the male abdomen of C. hamiltoni, dorsal view; B. Tip of the male abdomen of C. hamiltoni, ventral view; C. Tip of the male abdomen of C. hamiltoni, ventro-lateral view; D. Tip of the male abdomen of C. hamiltoni, dorsal view; E. Male genital armature of the Z. juninensis paratype; F. Male genital armature of the C. hamiltoni holotype. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978) is morphologically similar to C. manni (Caudell, 1923), C. neotropicus (Silvestri, 1916), C. cramptoni (Gurney, 1938), and C. gurneyi (Choe, 1989). C. manni is known only from female specimens.
For unequivocal species identification, we attempted to obtain a DNA barcode from the Z. juninensis paratype (
Centrozoros hamiltoni (New, 1978) was originally reported from Colombia (
The genus Centrozoros (Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993) has been described based only on the wing venation of C. gurneyi (Choe, 1989).
To date, molecular characterizations have been published for four of the seven described species of Centrozoros, i.e., for C. manni, C. mexicanus, C. hamiltoni, and C. neotropicus (
We thank the following curators for loans of Zoraptera material from the collections under their care: Paul A. Brown and Maxwell V. L. Barclay (Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom), Jessica L. Ware and Ruth Salas (American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA), and Thure Dalsgaard (Zoological Museum Hamburg, Germany). The research was supported by project GACR 22-05024S (Evolution of angel insects (Zoraptera): from fossils and comparative morphology to cytogenetics and transcriptomes). We would like to thank Bruce Jaffee (University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA) for linguistic and editorial suggestions.